What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security

<g id=”cross”>
<line class=”cls-1″ x1=”7″ x2=”25″ y1=”7″ y2=”25″ />
<line class=”cls-1″ x1=”7″ x2=”25″ y1=”25″ y2=”7″ />
</g>
</svg></div><form role=”search” method=”get” class=”search-form” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/search”>
<input type=”text” id=”search” class=”search-field” placeholder=”Enter your search term here…”
value=”” name=”keyword” autocomplete=”off”>
<button type=”submit” id=”search_submit” class=”search-submit”>
<svg fill=”none” height=”20″ stroke=”#fff” stroke-linecap=”round” stroke-linejoin=”round”
stroke-width=”2″ viewBox=”0 0 24 24″ width=”24″ xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”10.5″ cy=”10.5″ r=”7.5″ />
<line x1=”21″ x2=”15.8″ y1=”21″ y2=”15.8″ />
</svg>
</button><div class=”search-suggestions”><ul id=”suggestions-list”></ul></div></form></div><nav class=”fo-navigation pos-r” itemscope itemtype=”http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement”><div class=”fo-HeaderNavigation-Menu”><div class=”container”><div class=”fo-login-link ttp”> <a href=”#”>
<span>Login</span> </a></div><div class=”nav-first-col col-n”><h4>Sections<div class=”fo-search-row d-flex”><svg fill=”none” height=”20″ stroke=”#000″ stroke-linecap=”round”
stroke-linejoin=”round” stroke-width=”2″ viewBox=”0 0 24 24″ width=”24″
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”10.5″ cy=”10.5″ r=”7.5″ />
<line x1=”21″ x2=”15.8″ y1=”21″ y2=”15.8″ />
</svg>
<span> Search</span></div></h4><div class=”first-n-col”><div class=”first-menu-col”><ul class=”list-style-none”><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/politics/”>Politics</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/economics/”>Economics & Finance</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/business/”>Business &
Entrepreneurship</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/culture/”>Art & Culture</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/more/science/”>Science & Technology</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/more/environment/”>Environment & Climate
Change</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news”>World</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-leaders-news”>World Leaders</a></li></ul><ul class=”list-style-none”><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/american-news/”>The Americas</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/europe/”>Europe</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/middle_east_north_africa/”>Middle
East & North Africa</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/africa/”>Africa</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/asia_pacific/”>Asia</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/united-states”>United States</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news/india-news”>India</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news/china-news”>China</a></li></ul><ul class=”list-style-none desktop-m”><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/russian-newsrussia-news”>Russia</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/about”>About</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/authors”>Authors</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications”>Publications</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/events”>Events</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/multimedia”>Multimedia</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/video”>Videos </a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/podcasts”>Podcasts</a></li></ul><ul class=”list-style-none mobile-m”><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/events”>Events</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/russian-newsrussia-news”>Russia</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications”>Publications</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/authors”>Authors</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/about”>About</a></li></ul></div><div class=”nav-2n-col col-n”><div class=”nav-post”><article><div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-indian-subcontinents-hindu-muslim-divide/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/hindu-muslim-divide-1-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=””
width=”80″ height=”80″ /></a></div><div class=”fo-post-content”><h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/multimedia/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>MULTIMEDIA</a></h3><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-indian-subcontinents-hindu-muslim-divide/”
rel=”bookmark”
title=”Permanent Link to The Indian Subcontinent’s Hindu-Muslim Divide”>
The Indian Subcontinent’s Hindu-Muslim Divide </a></h2></div></article></div><div class=”nav-post”><article><div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/fo-talks-trumps-art-of-the-new-deal-greenland-russia-china-and-reshaping-global-order/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trumps-Art-of-the-New-Deal-Greenland-Russia-China-and-Reshaping-Global-Order-Fair-Observer-80×80.jpeg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=””
width=”80″ height=”80″ /></a></div><div class=”fo-post-content”><h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/video/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>VIDEOS</a></h3><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/fo-talks-trumps-art-of-the-new-deal-greenland-russia-china-and-reshaping-global-order/”
rel=”bookmark”
title=”Permanent Link to FO° Talks: Trump’s Art of the New Deal: Greenland, Russia, China and Reshaping Global Order”>
FO° Talks: Trump’s Art of the New Deal: Greenland, Russia, China and Reshaping Global Order </a></h2></div></article></div><div class=”nav-post”><article><div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-maduro-the-war-on-drugs-and-trumps-revival-of-the-monroe-doctrine/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Final-Podcasts-2-2-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=””
width=”80″ height=”80″ /></a></div><div class=”fo-post-content”><h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/podcasts/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>PODCASTS</a></h3><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-maduro-the-war-on-drugs-and-trumps-revival-of-the-monroe-doctrine/”
rel=”bookmark”
title=”Permanent Link to FO° Podcasts: Maduro, the War on Drugs and Trump’s Revival of the Monroe Doctrine”>
FO° Podcasts: Maduro, the War on Drugs and Trump’s Revival of the Monroe Doctrine </a></h2></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class=”nav-3rd-col col-n”><h4>PUBLICATION</h4><article><div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications/fair-observer-monthly-december-2025/”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/E-Book-covar-225×290.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer Monthly: December 2025″
width=”225″ height=”290″ />
</a></div></article></div><div class=”menu-donate”><div class=”menu-donate-content”><h2>Support Fair Observer</h2><p>We rely on your support for our independence, diversity and quality.</p></div><div class=”menu-donate-btn”>
<a class=”site-btn” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/donate/”>Donate</a></div></div></div></div><div class=”fo-HeaderNavigation-Overlay”></div></nav><div class=”container d-flex flex-wrap align-item-center justify-space-between pos-r”><div class=”menu-logo d-flex align-item-center”>
<button class=”fo-header-whitcher”><div class=”hamburger-box”><div class=”hamburger-inner”></div></div>
</button><div class=”fo-search-row d-flex”><svg fill=”none” height=”20″ stroke=”#000″ stroke-linecap=”round” stroke-linejoin=”round”
stroke-width=”2″ viewBox=”0 0 24 24″ width=”24″ xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”10.5″ cy=”10.5″ r=”7.5″ />
<line x1=”21″ x2=”15.8″ y1=”21″ y2=”15.8″ />
</svg>
<span>Search</span></div></div><div class=”fo-logo” itemscope itemtype=”https://schema.org/Organization”>
<a class=”off_scroll” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/”>
<picture>
<source
srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fairovserver-logo-red-250.webp”
type=”image/webp”>
<img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fairovserver-logo-red.png”
alt=”Fair Observer Logo”
width=”250″
height=”56″
loading=”eager”
decoding=”async”>
</picture>
</a></div><div class=”fo-search-button-row d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between align-item-center pos-r”><div class=”fo-top-btn”><ul class=”d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between align-item-center list-style-none”><li class=”fo-donatebtn”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/crowd-funding”><span>Donate</span> </a></li></ul></div></div></div></header> <script>jQuery(document).ready(function () {
var site_url = “https://www.fairobserver.com”;
jQuery(‘.search-field’).on(‘input’, function () {
var keyword = jQuery(this).val();
if (keyword.length > 0) {
jQuery(‘.search-suggestions’).show();
jQuery(‘#suggestions-list’).html(
“<li><a href='” + site_url + “/search?keyword=” + keyword +
“‘>Just search for: ” + keyword + “</a></li><li><a href='” + site_url +
“/search?keyword=” + keyword + “&search_in=authors’>In Authors: ” + keyword +
“</a></li><li><a href='” + site_url + “/search?keyword=” + keyword +
“&search_in=categories’>In Categories: ” + keyword + “</a></li>”
);
} else {
jQuery(‘.search-suggestions’).hide();
}
});
});</script> <div class=”print_logo”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fairovserver-logo-red.png”
alt=”Fair Observer Logo” width=”276″ height=”68″ title=”Fair Observer Logo” /></a></div><div class=”wrap”><div id=”primary” class=”content-area”><main id=”main” class=”site-main” role=”main”><article id=”post-160324″ class=”post-160324 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-asia_pacific category-politics tag-asia-geopolitics tag-china-taiwan-conflict tag-chinese-military-exercises tag-chinese-nationalism tag-indo-pacific-strategy-2 tag-japan-china-relations tag-japan-defense-budget tag-sanae-takachi tag-taiwan-sovereignty tag-us-japan-alliance pmpro-has-access entry”><div class=”fo-wednseday sep-newsletter”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-wednesday1.png” alt=””><div class=”posted-on-single-post newsletter-date”>
Tuesday, January 20, 2026</div></div><header class=”entry-header”><span class=”cate-name si-post”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/asia_pacific/” rel=”bookmark”
title=”Asia-Pacific”>
Asia-Pacific </a>
</span><h1 class=”entry-title”>What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security</h1><div class=’post-summary’>Recently, Japan’s prime minister Sanae Takaichi warned that a Chinese attack on Taiwan could threaten Japan’s survival. China’s response, a combination of aggressive military exercises and harsh diplomatic threats, may be a performative reaction. However, Japan must still strengthen its defense and build regional partnerships to deter China and protect its security.</div><div class=”single-authors”>By <span id=”authorname”></span></div><div class=”posted-on-single-post” style=”display:none”>
Tuesday, January 20, 2026</div></header><div class=”post-thumbnail”>
<img width=”980″ height=”653″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/china-and-japan.jpg” class=”attachment-twentyseventeen-featured-image size-twentyseventeen-featured-image wp-post-image” alt=”What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security” decoding=”async” fetchpriority=”high” srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/china-and-japan.jpg 980w, https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/china-and-japan-300×200.jpg 300w, https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/china-and-japan-150×100.jpg 150w” sizes=”(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px” style=”width:100%;height:66.63%;max-width:980px;” loading=”eager” /><p class=”caption”>
Via Shutterstock.</p></div><div class=”content-row”><div class=”entry-meta”><div style=”flex-direction: column;” class=”author-img “><div class=”d-flex align-item-center” style=”flex-direction: column;”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Glenn-Carle-100×100.jpg” width=”40″ height=”40″ /></a>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security%2F” class=”follow-btn-login ” style=””><i class=”bi bi-plus”></i> Follow</a></div></div><div class=”date-author-single-post list-date-author-single-post”><div style=”display:none” class=”byline-single-post multiauthor”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/glenn-carle”>Glenn Carle</a></div><div class=”social_medai_share”><h5>SHARE</h5><div class=”social_medai_share”><div class=”vid-page top-social-icon”><div id=”crestashareiconincontent” class=”cresta-share-icon first_style”><div class=”sbutton crestaShadow facebook-cresta-share” id=”facebook-cresta-c”>
<a rel=”nofollow” href=”https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/”
title=”Share to Facebook” onclick=”window.open(this.href, ‘targetWindow’, ‘toolbars=0,location=0,status=0,menubar=0,scrollbars=1,resizable=1,width=640,height=320,left=200,top=200’);
return false;”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”facebook-f”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-facebook-f fa-w-10″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”
viewBox=”0 0 320 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z”>
</path>
</svg>
</a></div><div class=”sbutton crestaShadow twitter-cresta-share” id=”twitter-cresta-c”>
<a rel=”nofollow”
href=”https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=What%E2%80%99s+in+a+Word%3F+Japan%E2%80%99s+Geopolitical+Strategy+for+Regional+Security &url=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/&via=myfairobserver”
title=”Share to Twitter” onclick=”window.open(this.href, ‘targetWindow’, ‘toolbars=0,location=0,status=0,menubar=0,scrollbars=1,resizable=1,width=640,height=320,left=200,top=200’);
return false;”>
<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” height=”1em” viewBox=”0 0 512 512″>
<path
d=”M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z”>
</path>
</svg>
</a></div><div class=”sbutton crestaShadow linkedin-cresta-share” id=”linkedin-cresta-c”>
<a rel=”nofollow”
href=”https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/&title=What%E2%80%99s+in+a+Word%3F+Japan%E2%80%99s+Geopolitical+Strategy+for+Regional+Security&source=https://www.fairobserver.com”
title=”Share to LinkedIn” onclick=”window.open(this.href, ‘targetWindow’, ‘toolbars=0,location=0,status=0,menubar=0,scrollbars=1,resizable=1,width=640,height=320,left=200,top=200’);
return false;”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”linkedin-in”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-linkedin-in fa-w-14″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”
viewBox=”0 0 448 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z”>
</path>
</svg>
</a></div><div class=”sbutton crestaShadow whatsapp-cresta-share” id=”whatsapp-cresta-c”>
<a href=”https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=What%E2%80%99s+in+a+Word%3F+Japan%E2%80%99s+Geopolitical+Strategy+for+Regional+Security – https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/” target=”_blank”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”whatsapp”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-whatsapp fa-w-14″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”
viewBox=”0 0 448 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7.9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z”>
</path>
</svg>
</a></div><div class=”sbutton crestaShadow email-cresta-share” id=”email-cresta-c”>
<a
href=”mailto:?Subject=What%E2%80%99s+in+a+Word%3F+Japan%E2%80%99s+Geopolitical+Strategy+for+Regional+Security&Body=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/ https://www.fairobserver.com”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fas” data-icon=”envelope”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-envelope fa-w-16″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”
viewBox=”0 0 512 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z”>
</path>
</svg>
</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=”entry-content-right”><div class=”date-time-bookmark d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between border-bottom”><div class=”posted-on-single-post”>
January 20, 2026 06:16 EDT</div><div class=”new_icons_wrap”><div class=”article_comment_icon”>
<a href=”javascript:void(0);” id=”scrollToComments”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/comment-badge.svg”
width=”24″ height=”24″ alt=” user comment feature”>
</a><div class=”tooltip”>Check out our comment feature!</div></div><div class=”bookmark”><div class=”sbutton crestaShadow bookmark-cresta-share” id=”bookmark-cresta-c”><div class=”nonmember-bookmark-tag”>
<span id=”trigger-modal” class=”bookmarkspan” title=”Click to bookmark “>
<a><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/bookmark-off.svg”
width=”24″ height=”25″ alt=”visitor can bookmark”></a>
</span></div></div><div class=”view-bookmark-list-button” style=”display: none”><h2>Saved Successfully.</h2><p>This article saved into your bookmarks. Click here to view your bookmarks.</p>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/cbxbookmark/” target=”_blank” class=””>
<span> My Bookmarks</span>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/external-link-icon-white.png”
alt=”” style=”width: 20px”></a></div></div><div id=”printButton” title=”Print this article”>
<a href=”javascript:void(0);”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/foicon-v1_print.svg”
width=”24″ height=”25″ alt=”print article page”>
</a></div></div> <script>// Smooth scroll to comment section
document.getElementById(‘scrollToComments’).addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
const commentsWrapper = document.querySelector(‘.comments-wrapper’);
if (commentsWrapper) {
commentsWrapper.scrollIntoView({ behavior: ‘smooth’ });
}
});

// Print functionality
document.getElementById(‘printButton’).addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
window.print(); // Trigger the browser’s print functionality
});</script> </div><div class=”entry-content full_post abcd”><p>Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takachi’s <a href=”https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/12/03/japan/explainer/explainer-japan-existential-crisis/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>comments</a> in the Diet that a Chinese attack on Taiwan could constitute a “survival-threatening situation” justifying the mobilization of Japan’s military were simply a restatement of Japan’s longstanding position about a prospective war over Taiwan’s sovereignty. China’s reaction, however, appeared wildly out of proportion to a statement that one could easily have ignored. </p><p>A Chinese diplomat in Japan, as everyone by now knows, memorably and vulgarly <a href=”https://www.reuters.com/world/china/japan-protests-extremely-inappropriate-comments-by-chinese-envoy-2025-11-10/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>threatened</a> to “cut off that dirty neck” — presumably Takaichi’s and Japan’s. The Chinese foreign ministry excoriated the Japanese ambassador, <a href=”https://globaltaiwan.org/2025/12/the-prcs-diplomatic-offensive-against-japan-over-taiwan/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>warning</a> that Takaichi was “playing with fire.” Then, on December 29, Beijing <a href=”https://apnews.com/article/china-taiwan-military-drills-japamn-37e2c674923fde3cb6b1a741c3e3fe0f” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>bracketed</a> Taiwan with actual fire from missiles and aircraft, disrupting the flights of upwards of two hundred thousand air passengers. These were China’s largest military exercises since 2022, when another obstreperous <em>nà ge nǚrén</em> (那个女人), the then US Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi, <a href=”https://www.csis.org/analysis/speaker-pelosis-taiwan-visit-implications-indo-pacific” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>visited</a> Taiwan. </p><p>The Chinese are, indeed, reacting in anger to Takaichi’s restatement of Japanese vital interests. Any comment a Japanese leader makes about Taiwan is charged with risk. I suspect, however, that the prime minister’s advisors share my assessment that Beijing’s frenzied response to Takaichi’s off-the-cuff and rather benign comment is also addressing strategic objectives in Washington, Taipei and Beijing itself. </p><h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Is Takaichi right?</h2><p>Seen from abroad, Prime Minister Takaichi has had a successful first few months in office. The Japanese public views her <a href=”https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/12/22/japan/politics/japan-pm-takaichi-support-solid/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>favorably</a>, and she had a <a href=”https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/10/28195/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>successful</a> summit with the mercurial and always imperious US President Trump. She is <a href=”https://news.usni.org/2025/12/03/japan-poised-to-increase-defense-spending-to-70-billion-2-of-its-gdp” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>increasing</a> Japan’s defense budget, and she has continued Japan’s progressive return as a major and activist force shaping Asian strategic affairs. I am indebted to Thomas Reilly, in his <a href=”https://thediplomat.com/2025/11/understanding-chinas-overreaction-to-takaichis-taiwan-comments/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>piece</a>, <em>Understanding China’s Overreaction to Takaichi’s Taiwan Comments,</em> for this synopsis of China’s multiple strategic concerns. </p><p>These steps are all direct responses to the increasingly imperious diktats emanating from the new Middle Kingdom superpower about Taiwan’s “<a href=”https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/china-s-ambassador-to-india-renews-taiwan-claim-says-reunification-inevitable-article-13755829.html” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>inevitable</a>” absorption back into China, and to increasingly aggressive acts to assert Chinese sovereignty everywhere in the South and East China Seas. Like any imperious and unilateral power, though, the Chinese view Takaichi’s policies and successful first months as threats to Chinese <em>hegemony</em>, not as responses to Chinese <em>threats</em>. Beijing needs to show the insolent Takaichi, therefore, the costs of her impudence. </p><p>Swift was China’s irritation at Takaichi’s remarks; China also opportunistically aimed its military exercises around Taiwan at Washington. President Trump and General Secretary Xi, in recent months, have been attempting to ease US-China tensions in preparation for their upcoming <a href=”https://apnews.com/article/trump-xi-china-taiwan-aab2ec36f55abc9e98d91a5f0d133a92″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>summit</a> in April, about which the Chinese have “speculated” about the chances for a “grand bargain” for “a concert of power” between the world’s two superpowers. For weeks, the US remained nearly mute about Takaichi’s comments, seeming to prioritize Beijing’s sensitivities to supporting the US alliance with Japan. </p><p>But on December 18, Trump seemed to contradict himself and directly countered China’s threats to Taiwanese sovereignty by announcing the sale of $11 billion in arms <a href=”https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&sms=272&s=121350″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>sales</a> to Taiwan, the largest single arms deal between Taiwan and the US in history. The aid package is in keeping with America’s longstanding commitment to defend Taiwanese sovereignty, but also clashes with Trump’s oft-stated isolationism and distaste for any military commitment beyond “America first.” China expressed its wrath eleven days later by its performative and menacing military exercises around Taiwan and by completely cutting off Japan’s air and sea links to Taiwan for three days. China’s maneuvers served as the latest stick to the dangled carrot of a China-US “grand bargain,” while dressing down Japan and attempting to neutralize any independent strategic role Japan might play. </p><p>China was also responding to what it characterizes as any challenge to its sovereignty over Taiwan by continuing its policy of slowly increasing its incursions into Taiwan’s or Japan’s territorial space, and asserting its sovereignty over recognized international waters. China takes any challenge to its positions about Taiwan and regional sovereignty, therefore, as an occasion to shift the “norms” of behavior towards its ultimate aims. “遵旨” (<em>zūn zhǐ</em>), “I obey the imperial command” — China’s traditional way to signal deference to the imperial center — is the only correct response anywhere within what China decides is its writ. </p><h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>China’s response may be overzealous theater</h2><p>Internal strife and even institutional rot also seem to be at play in Beijing’s overheated denunciations of Prime Minister Takaichi and in its pressure campaign against Taiwan and Washington. Some of China’s aggressiveness may be performative in order to mask that China’s military remains incapable of seizing Taiwan, and is struggling with corruption, inefficiencies and growing pains. Xi has <a href=”https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/27/top-chinese-general-miao-hua-ousted-from-body-that-oversees-china-military” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>fired</a> or removed dozens of senior officers for corruption or unspecified malfeasance. The removals, combined with the overheated response to Japan challenging China’s conception of regional order, paradoxically indicate a degree of Chinese insecurity about its capabilities or of not being able to impose its will internationally, even as Xi completely dominates China’s national security establishment and policies, and as China grows in military power. </p><p>The Chinese Communist Party, in one of the perverse ironies of history, regularly has fanned the flames of nationalism whenever internal strife or corruption has threatened the stability of the legitimacy of the state. Nationalism, manifest as anti-Japanese sentiment and “anti-colonial” xenophobia; the absorption of Taiwan; and making money have become the specious pillars of Chinese Communist legitimacy. As Chinese Communism has decayed into a totalitarian Cult of Xi that espouses the suppression of individual rights to state supremacy and the exaltation of a national-security state, officials easily seized on Prime Minister Takaichi’s remarks as ways to divert attention and blame the historically reviled 倭寇 (<em>wōkòu</em>) “dwarf pirates” of Japan. These reflexive postures justify Takaichi’s comment and Japan’s policies but form a volatile and dangerous combination of domestic and international cross pressures. </p><h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>How to avoid conflict with China</h2><p>Analyzing what China or any nation is doing and why is the devilishly difficult work that intelligence officers and diplomats do. Yet that is the easy part of the job. As President Eisenhower told President Kennedy shortly after the Bay of Pigs <a href=”https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>fiasco</a> in 1961, when a “covert” US operation to overthrow Castro had collapsed in an ignominious public catastrophe, only hard problems reach a leader’s desk. </p><p>China’s reaction to Takaichi’s comments is a symptom of Japan’s strategic dilemma and the “hard problem” Japanese leaders must confront: How to defend Japanese sovereignty in a region where China’s power is rising, the US commitment is uncertain, the risk of miscalculation is high and Japan may find itself progressively isolated in a world defined by might alone? Successive Japanese governments, and so far Takaichi, too, have pursued the most coherent strategy and policies possible, although sometimes too slowly and timidly.</p><p>Japan’s overarching strategy to avoid a clash with China must be, first, to prepare to live in a sphere-of-interest world dominated by China in Asia, the US in the Americas and Russia and the European Union in the western reaches of Eurasia. Second, Japan must deter China from taking steps harmful to Japan’s national interests by raising the prospective costs of such actions. Third, Japan must seek to offer enticing alternatives to other states in the nascent Chinese domain (and, of course, beyond), so that they will contribute to counter-balancing China’s growing influence. </p><p>Japan has pursued increased diplomatic engagement with a range of states in the Western Pacific, Asia and South Asia. When Trump killed the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement, which would have been the single strongest diplomatic step to counter China’s rise in Asia, Japan initiated the Free and Open Indo-Pacific <a href=”https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/page25e_000278.html” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>initiative</a> in its stead. Japan has been instrumental in the <a href=”https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/quad-indo-pacific-what-know” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>QUAD</a> — what Russian propagandists have denounced, and I have praised, as a potential aspirational NATO in Asia. Japan has sought closer bilateral defensive ties with other states in the region, notably <a href=”https://www.defence.gov.au/defence-activities/programs-initiatives/australia-japan-reciprocal-access-agreement” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Australia</a> and <a href=”https://www.csis.org/analysis/south-korea-and-japan-cement-bilateral-security-ties” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>South Korea</a>. Japan has aggressively expanded its engagement with Pacific island nations through the <a href=”https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/palm/index.html” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>PALM</a> summits (Pacific Islanders Leaders Meetings), precisely where China has been most actively seeking to supplant US and Australian diplomatic primacy. </p><p>Japan has also significantly enhanced its efforts to foster multilateral trade agreements and has engaged in expanded economic aid programs. Takaichi’s mentor, Abe Shinzo, <a href=”https://www.mti.gov.sg/trade-international-economic-relations/agreements/free-trade-agreements-fta/cptpp/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>initiated</a> the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‑Pacific Partnership as a replacement for the destroyed TPP. Japan has vastly increased its economic development aid in Africa to counterbalance China’s ambitious Belt and Road <a href=”https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>Initiative</a>. </p><p>It is the military sphere, of course, that Japan has drawn the most attention and drawn China’s particular ire. Takaichi has aggressively, and so far, adeptly, continued her predecessors’ efforts to increase Japan’s military capabilities, and, at last, to free Japan from its post-World War II hobbling as a sovereign nation in military affairs. Takaichi has announced a <a href=”https://thediplomat.com/2024/12/japan-approves-9-4-percent-increase-in-defense-spending-for-fy2025/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>9.4%</a> increase in Japan’s defense budget, continuing Japan’s five-year plan to double defense spending, and to obtain potentially offensive weapons for the first time in eighty years, such as the near billion-dollar purchase of Tomahawk missiles Japan is <a href=”https://ipdefenseforum.com/2025/10/tokyo-moves-closer-to-fielding-u-s-made-tomahawk-missiles/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>purchasing</a> from the United States. Japan is developing de facto aircraft carriers. And, most important of all, Takaichi has continued Japan’s doctrinal shift by reiterating that an attack on Taiwan is possibly an existential issue for Japan — the very position that has caused China’s recent apoplexy.</p><h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>Japanese autonomy is integral to counter regional aggression</h2><p>The objectives of all these policies are to, one, raise the prospective cost of any hostile actions to Japanese interests by China (or any state) and, critically, two, to offer other Asian and Pacific states attractive counterbalancing alternatives to Chinese diplomatic, trade and military initiatives, all in the context of a post-<em>Pax Americana </em>world. </p><p>Each of these steps, as China invariably and angrily points out, increases the stakes and risks in the event of a conflict. But they complicate China’s equation for any aggressive action, which is their objective. They may not succeed. A clash — war — could come even if no party wants it, and no policy Japan or any state can pursue can compensate entirely for the withdrawal of the United States from a full strategic, diplomatic, economic and military commitment to a free and open Asia. </p><p>Japanese leaders have, in general, been too slow in adopting these policy changes, although the responsibility lies as much with a reticent public that places hopes above hard decisions concerning how to avoid war by preparing for it. Japan’s leaders have struggled most in deepening relations with South Korea, a vital ally; but Seoul is probably more responsible for these delays than Tokyo. Some degree of accommodation with China is almost inevitable, whatever Japan does, as China and Japan fill the void of America’s relative withdrawal from or decline in the region. Nonetheless, Japan has acted strategically and coherently to strengthen Japanese autonomy and sovereignty in response to China’s rise in power and aggressiveness. </p><div class=”signup-popup square-email-box n-email-popup light-pink”><div class=”modal-content modal-content-email-box”><div class=”display-flex”><div class=”mobile-view-content”><h2>Look at the world through many prisms — <strong>3,000+ pairs</strong> of eyes from <strong>90+ countries</strong>. We are a rare nonprofit in the world news space and you can get our newsletters for free.</h2></div><div class=”signup-popup”><div class=”signup-innersection”><form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””><div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”><div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=”” placeholder=”Enter your email address” onfocus=”this.placeholder=”” onblur=”this.placeholder=’Enter your email address'”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”amp” value=”1″>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”><div class=”cpf-checkbox”>
<input type=”checkbox” name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy” id=”privacy-policy” value=”true” onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)” required=””><label for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy/”>Privacy Policy</a> and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a> for further information…</label></div></div></div></form></div></div></div></div></div><p>Not too long ago, a senior Japanese official asked me how I thought Japan should respond to the changing geopolitical environment in Asia. Hold America as close as possible, I replied, but Japan should count only on itself. So far, Prime Minister Takaichi has taken strategic and coherent steps, too.</p><p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Newsweek Japan</em></a><em> first published this piece.]</em></p><p><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/cheyennetorres/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Cheyenne Torres</em></a><em> edited this piece.]</em></p><p><strong>The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p></div><div class=”comments-wrapper” id=”comments-wrapper”><div class=”headline hide-on-print border-bottom marb30″><h2>Comment</h2></div><div class=”wpdiscuz_top_clearing”></div><div id=’comments’ class=’comments-area’><div id=’respond’ style=’width: 0;height: 0;clear: both;margin: 0;padding: 0;’></div><div id=”wpdcom” class=”wpdiscuz_unauth wpd-default wpd-layout-1 wpd-comments-open”><div class=”wc_social_plugin_wrapper”></div><div class=”wpd-form-wrap”><div class=”wpd-form-head”><div class=”wpd-auth”><div class=”wpd-login”>
<a rel = “nofollow” href = “https://www.fairobserver.com/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security%2F%23comments-wrapper”><i class=”fas fa-sign-in-alt”></i> Login</a></div></div></div><div
class=”wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-main-form-wrapper” id=’wpd-main-form-wrapper-0_0′></div><div id=”wpdiscuz_hidden_secondary_form” style=”display: none;”><div
class=”wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-secondary-form-wrapper” id=’wpd-secondary-form-wrapper-wpdiscuzuniqueid’ style=’display: none;’><div class=”wpd-secondary-forms-social-content”></div><div class=”clearfix”></div></div></div><div class=”wpd-login-to-comment”>Please login to comment</div></div><div id=”wpd-threads” class=”wpd-thread-wrapper”><div class=”wpd-thread-head”><div class=”wpd-thread-info ”
data-comments-count=”0″>
<span class=’wpdtc’ title=’0′>0</span> Comments</div><div class=”wpd-space”></div><div class=”wpd-thread-filter”><div class=”wpd-filter wpdf-sorting wpdiscuz-hidden”>
<span class=”wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-date-sort-desc wpdiscuz-sort-button-active”
data-sorting=”newest”>Newest</span>
<i class=”fas fa-sort-down”></i><div class=”wpdiscuz-sort-buttons”>
<span class=”wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-date-sort-asc”
data-sorting=”oldest”>Oldest</span>
<span class=”wpdiscuz-sort-button wpdiscuz-vote-sort-up”
data-sorting=”by_vote”>Most Voted</span></div></div></div></div><div class=”wpd-comment-info-bar”><div class=”wpd-current-view”><i
class=”fas fa-quote-left”></i> Inline Feedbacks</div><div class=”wpd-filter-view-all”>View all comments</div></div><div class=”wpd-thread-list”><div class=”wpdiscuz-comment-pagination”></div></div></div></div></div><div id=”wpdiscuz-loading-bar”
class=”wpdiscuz-loading-bar-unauth”></div><div id=”wpdiscuz-comment-message”
class=”wpdiscuz-comment-message-unauth”></div></div><div id=”comment-guidelines-modal” style=”display:none; position:fixed; top:5%; left:50%; transform:translateX(-50%);
background:#fff; padding:20px; border:2px solid #1d2a99; z-index:9999; max-width:900px; width: 100%”><h3 style=”font-size: 28px”>Commenting Guidelines</h3><p style=”font-size: 18px”>Please read our commenting guidelines</a> before commenting.</p><hr><div style=”margin-top:15px; text-align:left; font-size: 19px; max-height: 60vh; overflow: auto”><p><strong>1. Be Respectful</strong>: Please be polite to the author. Avoid hostility. The whole point of Fair Observer is openness to different perspectives from perspectives from around the world.</p><p><strong>2. Comment Thoughtfully</strong>: Please be relevant and constructive. We do not allow personal attacks, disinformation or trolling. We will remove hate speech or incitement.</p><p><strong>3. Contribute Usefully</strong>: Add something of value — a point of view, an argument, a personal experience or a relevant link if you are citing statistics and key facts.</p></div><div style=”margin: 20px 0;”>
<label style=”font-size: 18px;”>
<input type=”checkbox” id=”guideline-agree-checkbox” style=”transform: scale(1.2); margin-right: 8px;” />
I have read and agree to the above commenting guidelines.
</label></div><p id=”guideline-warning” style=”display: none; color: red; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 10px;”>
Please agree to the guidelines before proceeding.</p><button class=”wpuf-submit-button” id=”proceed-to-login” style=”margin-right:10px; display: inline-block”>I
Agree, Proceed to Login</button>
<button
style=”padding: 8px 18px; background: var(–blue-color); font-family: var(–second-font); border-radius: 36px; font-size: 20px; gap: 5px; color: white; border: none ”
id=”cancel-login-modal”>Cancel</button></div><div id=”guideline-modal-overlay”
style=”display:none; position:fixed; top:0; left:0; width:100%; height:100%; background:#00000066; z-index:9998;”></div> <script>document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () {
const loginTrigger = document.querySelector(‘.comment-login-trigger’);
const guidelineModal = document.getElementById(‘comment-guidelines-modal’);
const guidelineOverlay = document.getElementById(‘guideline-modal-overlay’);
const proceedBtn = document.getElementById(‘proceed-to-login’);
const cancelBtn = document.getElementById(‘cancel-login-modal’);
const guidelineCheckbox = document.getElementById(‘guideline-agree-checkbox’);
let loginUrl = ”;

// Show modal on login click
if (loginTrigger) {
loginTrigger.addEventListener(‘click’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
loginUrl = this.getAttribute(‘data-login-url’);
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘block’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘block’;
});
}

const warningText = document.getElementById(‘guideline-warning’);

// Enable/disable the proceed button based on checkbox
guidelineCheckbox.addEventListener(‘change’, function () {
warningText.style.display = ‘none’; // Hide warning on change
});

// Proceed to login
proceedBtn.addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
if (guidelineCheckbox.checked) {
warningText.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘none’;
window.location.href = loginUrl;
} else {
warningText.style.display = ‘block’;
// Optional: shake animation or scroll to warning
guidelineModal.scrollTo({ top: modal.scrollHeight, behavior: ‘smooth’ });
}
});

// Close modal on cancel button
cancelBtn.addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineCheckbox.checked = false;
// proceedBtn.disabled = true;
});

// Close modal when clicking outside
guidelineOverlay.addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineCheckbox.checked = false;
// proceedBtn.disabled = true;
});
});</script> <div class=”most-popular mart50″><div class=”related_post_data” loading=”lazy”><div class=”headline hide-on-print border-bottom marb30″><h2>Related Reading</h2></div><article class=”border-bottom”><div class=”fo-post-content”><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/china-japan-tensions-rise-to-highest-levels-since-world-war-ii/”>
China-Japan Tensions Rise to Highest Levels Since World War II </a></h2><p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”>
Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi’s comments on Taiwan in response to a parliamentary question have triggered a furious response from…</p>
<span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/atul-singh”>Atul Singh</a>,
<span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished”
content=”January 8, 2026″>
January 8, 2026 </span>
</span></div><div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/china-japan-tensions-rise-to-highest-levels-since-world-war-ii/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/china-japan-500×281.jpg”
alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”500″ height=”281″/></a></div></article><article class=”border-bottom”><div class=”fo-post-content”><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/warnings-are-escalating-sino-japanese-relations-are-deteriorating-rapidly/”>
Warnings are Escalating: Sino-Japanese Relations are Deteriorating Rapidly </a></h2><p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”>
China and Japan are experiencing increasing tensions as Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi issues strong warnings in response to Tokyo’s…</p>
<span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/jiahao-yuan”>Jiahao Yuan</a>,
<span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished”
content=”December 10, 2025″>
December 10, 2025 </span>
</span></div><div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/warnings-are-escalating-sino-japanese-relations-are-deteriorating-rapidly/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/China-and-Japan-500×281.jpg”
alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”500″ height=”281″/></a></div></article><article class=”border-bottom”><div class=”fo-post-content”><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/japan-and-australia-cooperate-in-the-south-china-sea/”>
Japan and Australia Cooperate in the South China Sea </a></h2><p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”>
Japan and Australia are pursuing greater interoperability between their militaries in response to the threat of an aggressive China. This…</p>
<span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/saume-saptaparna-nath”>Saume Saptaparna Nath</a>,
<span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished”
content=”August 14, 2023″>
August 14, 2023 </span>
</span></div><div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/japan-and-australia-cooperate-in-the-south-china-sea/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Japan-Maritime-1-500×281.jpg”
alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”500″ height=”281″/></a></div></article></div></div><div class=”response_section”><div class=”response_content single-support”><h3>Support Fair Observer</h3><p>We rely on your support for our independence, diversity and quality.</p><p>For more than 10 years, Fair Observer has been free, fair and independent. No billionaire
owns us, no advertisers control us. We are a reader-supported nonprofit. Unlike many other
publications, we keep our content free for readers regardless of where they live or whether
they can afford to pay. We have no paywalls and no ads.</p><p>In the post-truth era of fake news, echo chambers and filter bubbles, we publish a plurality
of perspectives from around the world. Anyone can publish with us, but everyone goes through
a rigorous editorial process. So, you get fact-checked, well-reasoned content instead of
noise.</p><p>We publish 3,000+ voices from 90+ countries. We also conduct education and training programs
on subjects ranging from digital media and journalism to writing and critical thinking. This
doesn’t come cheap. Servers, editors, trainers and web developers cost
money.<br><span>Please consider supporting us on a regular basis as a recurring donor or a
sustaining member.</span></p> <script src=”/wp-content/plugins/donation-form-single-page/js/donation-script.js”></script> <div class=”donation-anywhere-form”><div class=”donation_section”><div class=”donations-content-section”><h3>Will you support FO’s journalism?</h3><p>We rely on your support for our independence, diversity and quality.</p></div><div class=”donation-form-section”><form class=”donation-form” id=”anywhere_donation_form”><div class=”donation_cycle”><h4>Donation Cycle</h4>
<input id=”donation_cycle_one_time” type=”radio” name=”donation_cycle” value=”one-time”>
<label for=”donation_cycle_one_time”><span>One Time</span></label>
<input id=”donation_cycle_monthly” type=”radio” name=”donation_cycle” value=”month”>
<label for=”donation_cycle_monthly”><span>Monthly</span></label>
<input id=”donation_cycle_yearly” type=”radio” checked name=”donation_cycle” value=”year”>
<label for=”donation_cycle_yearly”><span>Yearly</span></label></div><div class=”grid-box-twocolumn”><div class=”donation_amount_section”><h4>Donation Amount</h4>
<input id=”amount_11″ class=”amount” type=”radio” name=”amount” value=”11″>
<label for=”amount_11″><span>$11</span></label>
<input id=”amount_111″ class=”amount” type=”radio” name=”amount” value=”111″ checked>
<label for=”amount_111″><span>$111</span></label>
<input id=”other_pay” class=”amount” type=”radio” name=”amount” value=”other”>
<label for=”other”>Other</label></div><div class=”other_donation_amount_section” style=”display: none;”>
<span class=”input-icon”>$</span>
<input type=”text” id=”other_amount_pay”
onfocus=”this.placeholder=””
onblur=”this.placeholder=’Other Amount'”
oninput=”this.value = this.value.replace(/D/g, ”).replace(/^0+/, ”)”
class=”other_donation_amount”
value=””
placeholder=”Other Amount”></div></div>
<input type=”submit” value=”$111 / Year” id=”open-donation-popup-btn” name=”anywhere-donation-submit”></form></div></div>
<span>
The IRS recognizes Fair Observer as a section 501(c)(3) registered public charity
(EIN: 46-4070943), enabling you to claim a tax deduction.</span></div></div></div><div class=”most-popular mart50″><div class=”related_post_data” loading=”lazy”></div></div></div></div><div class=”si-emailnewsletetr-support”><div class=”emailnewsletter”><div class=”fo-right-col”><div class=”fo-mobile-view-content padb20″><h2>Make Sense of the World</h2><p>Unique Insights from 3,000+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</p></div><div class=”fp-signup-popup”><div class=”fo-signup-innersection”><form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”> <input
type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””><div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”><div class=”fo-newsletter-block d-flex justify-space-between flex-wrap”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address” onfocus=”this.placeholder=””
onblur=”this.placeholder=’Enter your email address'”>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”></div><div class=”fo-cpf-checkbox d-flex”> <input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand
that I
may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a>
and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a>
for further
information .</label></div></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class=”em-popup-single-post” style=”display: none;”><div class=”signup-popup square-email-box n-email-popup light-pink em-popup-block”><div class=”modal-content modal-content-email-box”><div class=”close-em-popup”><img src=”https://fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-em.png” alt=”FO”/></div><div class=”display-flex”><div class=”mobile-view-content”><h2>You can read the CIA Factbook and listen to MI6 people for your analysis, or you could read perspectives from our <strong>3,000+ authors</strong> from <strong>90+ countries</strong> and make sense of the world. Sign up for our free newsletters now.</h2></div><div class=”signup-popup”><div class=”signup-innersection”><form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””><div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”><div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=”” placeholder=”Enter your email address” onfocus=”this.placeholder=”” onblur=”this.placeholder=’Enter your email address'”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”amp” value=”1″>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”><div class=”cpf-checkbox”>
<input type=”checkbox” name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy” id=”privacy-policy” value=”true” onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)” required=””><label for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy/”>Privacy Policy</a> and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a> for further information…</label></div></div></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div> <script type=”text/javascript”>jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘#trigger-modal ,#trigger-modal2’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#modal’).show();
});

jQuery(‘.x’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#screen, #modal’).hide();
});

var authorname = jQuery(‘.multiauthor’).html();
jQuery(‘#authorname’).html(authorname);

});

document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, function () {
let shown = sessionStorage.getItem(“newsletter_popup_shown”);
let popupTriggered = false;

// Function to show the popup
function scrollTriggerNewsletter() {
let scrollPercent = window.scrollY / (document.body.scrollHeight – window.innerHeight);
if (scrollPercent > 0.3 && !popupTriggered && !shown) {
popupTriggered = true;
sessionStorage.setItem(“newsletter_popup_shown”, “1”);

const popup = document.querySelector(‘.em-popup-single-post’);
if (popup) {
popup.style.display = ‘flex’; // or ‘block’ depending on CSS
}
}
}

// Attach scroll listener
window.addEventListener(“scroll”, scrollTriggerNewsletter);

// Close button logic
document.addEventListener(“click”, function (e) {
if (e.target.closest(‘.close-em-popup’)) {
const popup = document.querySelector(‘.em-popup-single-post’);
if (popup) {
popup.style.display = ‘none’;
}
}
});
});</script> </main></div></div><div class=”address_for_inovice”><p> </p>
Fair Observer, 461 Harbor Blvd, Belmont, CA 94002, USA</div><footer class=”mart70 fo-black-bg padt50 padb30″><div class=”container”><div class=”d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between fo-menu-block”><div class=”nav-first-col col-n”><h4>Sections</h4><div class=”first-n-col”><div class=”first-menu-col”><ul class=”list-style-none”><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/politics/”>Politics</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/economics/”>Economics & Finance</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/business/”>Business &
Entrepreneurship</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/culture/”>Art & Culture</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/more/science/”>Science & Technology</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/more/environment/”>Environment & Climate
Change</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-leaders-news”>World Leaders</a></li><li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news”>World</a></li></ul><ul class=”list-style-none”><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/american-news/”>The Americas</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/europe/”>Europe</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/middle_east_north_africa/”>Middle
East & North Africa</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/africa/”>Africa</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/asia_pacific/”>Asia</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/united-states”>United States</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news/india-news”>India</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news/china-news”>China</a></li></ul><ul class=”list-style-none”><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/russian-newsrussia-news”>Russia</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/events”>Events</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications”>Publications</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/authors”>Authors</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/about”>About</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publish”>Publish</a></li><li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/contact”>Contact</a></li><li class=”fo-login-link ttp”> <a href=”#”>
<span>Login</span> </a></li></ul></div><div class=”nav-2n-col col-n”><div class=”nav-post”><article><div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-indian-subcontinents-hindu-muslim-divide/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/hindu-muslim-divide-1-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”80″
height=”80″ /></a></div><div class=”fo-post-content”><h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/multimedia/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>MULTIMEDIA</a></h3><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-indian-subcontinents-hindu-muslim-divide/”
rel=”bookmark” title=”Permanent Link to The Indian Subcontinent’s Hindu-Muslim Divide”>
The Indian Subcontinent’s Hindu-Muslim Divide </a></h2></div></article></div><div class=”nav-post”><article><div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/fo-talks-trumps-art-of-the-new-deal-greenland-russia-china-and-reshaping-global-order/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trumps-Art-of-the-New-Deal-Greenland-Russia-China-and-Reshaping-Global-Order-Fair-Observer-80×80.jpeg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”80″
height=”80″ /></a></div><div class=”fo-post-content”><h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/video/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>VIDEOS</a></h3><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/fo-talks-trumps-art-of-the-new-deal-greenland-russia-china-and-reshaping-global-order/”
rel=”bookmark” title=”Permanent Link to FO° Talks: Trump’s Art of the New Deal: Greenland, Russia, China and Reshaping Global Order”>
FO° Talks: Trump’s Art of the New Deal: Greenland, Russia, China and Reshaping Global Order </a></h2></div></article></div><div class=”nav-post”><article><div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-maduro-the-war-on-drugs-and-trumps-revival-of-the-monroe-doctrine/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Final-Podcasts-2-2-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”80″
height=”80″ /></a></div><div class=”fo-post-content”><h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/podcasts/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>PODCASTS</a></h3><h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-maduro-the-war-on-drugs-and-trumps-revival-of-the-monroe-doctrine/”
rel=”bookmark” title=”Permanent Link to FO° Podcasts: Maduro, the War on Drugs and Trump’s Revival of the Monroe Doctrine”>
FO° Podcasts: Maduro, the War on Drugs and Trump’s Revival of the Monroe Doctrine </a></h2></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class=”nav-3rd-col col-n”><h4>PUBLICATION</h4><article><div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications/fair-observer-monthly-december-2025/”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/E-Book-covar-225×290.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer Monthly: December 2025″
width=”225″ height=”290″ />
</a></div></article></div><div class=”menu-donate”><div class=”menu-donate-content”><h2>Support Fair Observer</h2><p>We rely on your support for our independence, diversity and quality.</p></div><div class=”menu-donate-btn”>
<a class=”site-btn” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/donate/”>Donate </a></div></div></div><div class=”border-bottom mart40 marb40″></div><div class=”fo-footer-bottom d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between align-item-center”><div class=”fo-footer-social” itemscope itemtype=”http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement”><ul class=”d-flex list-style-none”><li><a itemprop=”url” href=”https://www.linkedin.com/company/fair-observer/” target=”_blank”><svg
aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”linkedin-in”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-linkedin-in fa-w-14″ role=”img”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 448 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z”>
</path>
</svg></a></li><li><a itemprop=”url” href=”https://www.youtube.com/c/FairObserver/videos” target=”_blank”><svg
aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”youtube”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-youtube fa-w-18″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”
viewBox=”0 0 576 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z”>
</path>
</svg></a></li><li>
<a itemprop=”url” target=”_blank” href=”https://bsky.app/profile/myfairobserver.bsky.social”>
<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 512 512″>
<path
d=”M111.8 62.2C170.2 105.9 233 194.7 256 242.4c23-47.6 85.8-136.4 144.2-180.2c42.1-31.6 110.3-56 110.3 21.8c0 15.5-8.9 130.5-14.1 149.2C478.2 298 412 314.6 353.1 304.5c102.9 17.5 129.1 75.5 72.5 133.5c-107.4 110.2-154.3-27.6-166.3-62.9l0 0c-1.7-4.9-2.6-7.8-3.3-7.8s-1.6 3-3.3 7.8l0 0c-12 35.3-59 173.1-166.3 62.9c-56.5-58-30.4-116 72.5-133.5C100 314.6 33.8 298 15.7 233.1C10.4 214.4 1.5 99.4 1.5 83.9c0-77.8 68.2-53.4 110.3-21.8z” />
</svg>
</a></li><li><a itemprop=”url” href=”https://twitter.com/myfairobserver” target=”_blank”><svg
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” height=”1em”
viewBox=”0 0 512 512″>
<path
d=”M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z”>
</path>
</svg></a></li><li><a itemprop=”url” href=”https://www.instagram.com/fairobserver/” target=”_blank”><svg
aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”instagram”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-instagram fa-w-14″ role=”img”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 448 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z”>
</path>
</svg></a></li><li><a itemprop=”url” href=”https://www.facebook.com/fairobserver” target=”_blank”><svg
aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”facebook-f”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-facebook-f fa-w-10″ role=”img”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 320 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z”>
</path>
</svg></a></li><li>
<a itemprop=”url” target=”_blank” href=”https://t.me/myfairobserver”>
<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 496 512″>
<path
d=”M248 8C111 8 0 119 0 256S111 504 248 504 496 393 496 256 385 8 248 8zM363 176.7c-3.7 39.2-19.9 134.4-28.1 178.3-3.5 18.6-10.3 24.8-16.9 25.4-14.4 1.3-25.3-9.5-39.3-18.7-21.8-14.3-34.2-23.2-55.3-37.2-24.5-16.1-8.6-25 5.3-39.5 3.7-3.8 67.1-61.5 68.3-66.7 .2-.7 .3-3.1-1.2-4.4s-3.6-.8-5.1-.5q-3.3 .7-104.6 69.1-14.8 10.2-26.9 9.9c-8.9-.2-25.9-5-38.6-9.1-15.5-5-27.9-7.7-26.8-16.3q.8-6.7 18.5-13.7 108.4-47.2 144.6-62.3c68.9-28.6 83.2-33.6 92.5-33.8 2.1 0 6.6 .5 9.6 2.9a10.5 10.5 0 0 1 3.5 6.7A43.8 43.8 0 0 1 363 176.7z” />
</svg>
</a></li><li>
<a itemprop=”url” target=”_blank” href=”https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb6JJmp7T8bYHRMmSs2D”>
<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 448 512″>
<path
d=”M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7 .9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z” />
</svg>
</a></li><li><a itemprop=”url” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/feed/” target=”_blank”><svg
aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fas” data-icon=”rss”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-rss fa-w-14″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”
viewBox=”0 0 448 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M128.081 415.959c0 35.369-28.672 64.041-64.041 64.041S0 451.328 0 415.959s28.672-64.041 64.041-64.041 64.04 28.673 64.04 64.041zm175.66 47.25c-8.354-154.6-132.185-278.587-286.95-286.95C7.656 175.765 0 183.105 0 192.253v48.069c0 8.415 6.49 15.472 14.887 16.018 111.832 7.284 201.473 96.702 208.772 208.772.547 8.397 7.604 14.887 16.018 14.887h48.069c9.149.001 16.489-7.655 15.995-16.79zm144.249.288C439.596 229.677 251.465 40.445 16.503 32.01 7.473 31.686 0 38.981 0 48.016v48.068c0 8.625 6.835 15.645 15.453 15.999 191.179 7.839 344.627 161.316 352.465 352.465.353 8.618 7.373 15.453 15.999 15.453h48.068c9.034-.001 16.329-7.474 16.005-16.504z”>
</path>
</svg></a></li></ul></div><div class=”fo-copyright”>
© Fair Observer All rights reserved<div class=”cre”>
Designed, Developed and Maintained by <a href=”https://www.netleon.com” rel=”dofollow”
target=”_blank”>Netleon IT Solutions</a></div></div><div class=”fo-sb-website-logo d-flex justify-space-between align-items-bottom”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/education/” target=”_blank”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-education-logo.png”
alt=”Fair Observer Education Logo” width=”120″ height=”30″ /></a>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/leadership-academy/” target=”_blank”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-leadership-logo.png”
alt=”Fair Observer Leadership Academy Logo” width=”108″ height=”40″ /></a></div></div></div></footer><div id=”modal” class=”popup_loginmodel bookmark-full-cover” style=”display: none;”><div class=”popup_container dm-fo-login-box”><div class=”subscribe-popup-content”><h3>BOOKMARK</h3></div><div class=”bookmarking_text”><div class=”headingTitle”>Want to save this post?</div></div><div class=”button_subscribe registrbtn”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security%2F”>Click to
Login</a></div><div class=”close close-popup-btn-signup” id=”closebtnsignup”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fairobserver/assets/images/close-icon-n.png” alt=””
width=”24″ height=”24″></div></div></div> <script src=”https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-cookie/1.4.1/jquery.cookie.min.js”></script> <footer id=”fixed-footer” class=”support-footer”><div class=”container justify-right”><div class=”icons-wrap”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-round-logo.png”
class=”logo-footer-img” width=”40″ height=”40″ />
<a href=”javascript:void(0);” class=”close-footer-btn”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-footer-icon.png” width=”15″ height=”15″ /></a></div></div><div class=”container”><div class=”center-column”><h2>Support
<span> independent,</span> crowdsourced, nonprofit
<span>journalism. </span></h2><p>Fair Observer is a 501(c)(3) independent nonprofit. We are not owned by billionaires or controlled by
advertisers. We publish nearly 3,000 authors from over 90 countries after fact-checking and editing each
piece. We do not have a paywall and anyone can read us for free. With your vital donations, we can
continue
to do our work. </p><p>Please make a recurring (or even one-time) donation today. <span> Even $1 goes a long way</span> because
a
million donors
like you mean one million dollars. Thank you for keeping us independent, free and fair.</p><div class=”form-wrap” id=”footer-donation-form-popup”><form method=”get” class=”form-wrap” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/crowd-funding-donation”>
<input type=”hidden” value=”yearly” name=”selected-contribution-type” id=”cycle”>
<input type=”hidden” value=”111″ name=”selected-amount” id=”amount”><div class=”d-flex”>
<span class=”cycle-btn” data-value=”one-time”>One Time</span>
<span class=”cycle-btn ” data-value=”monthly”> Monthly</span>
<span class=”cycle-btn active” data-value=”yearly”>Yearly</span></div><div class=”d-flex amount-buttons”></div>
<input type=”text” class=”custom_amount” placeholder=”Other”><div class=”button-wrap”>
<button type=”submit” class=”btn-continue”>Continue <img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/arrow-footer.png” width=”27″ height=”20″ /></button>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/payment-card.jpg” width=”202″ height=”28″ /></div></form></div></div></div></footer><div id=”loginmodal” class=”popup_loginmodel new_loginModal” style=”display: none;”><div class=”dm-fo-login-box”><div class=”popup-block-wrp” id=”popup-block-wrp-signup”><div class=”new_loginHeader”>
<span class=”close close-popup-btn-signup” id=”closebtnlogin”>
<i class=”bi bi-x-lg”></i>
</span></div><div class=”dm-fo-login-logo marb25 mart25″>
<a target=”_blank” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/new_fairovserver-logo-red.png” /></a></div><div id=”popup-content”><div id=”login-form” class=”popup-form”><h3>Sign into your Fair Observer Account</h3><div class=”tml tml-login”><div class=”tml-alerts”></div><form name=”login” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/” method=”post” data-ajax=”1″><div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-log-wrap”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”user_login”>Username or Email Address</label>
<input name=”log” type=”text” value=”” id=”user_login” autocapitalize=”off” class=”tml-field”></div><div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-pwd-wrap”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”user_pass”>Password</label>
<input name=”pwd” type=”password” value=”” id=”user_pass” class=”tml-field”></div><div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-rememberme-wrap”>
<input name=”rememberme” type=”checkbox” value=”forever” id=”rememberme” class=”tml-checkbox”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”rememberme”>Remember Me</label></div><div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-submit-wrap”>
<button name=”submit” type=”submit” class=”tml-button”>Log In</button></div><input name=”redirect_to” type=”hidden” value=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/”></form><ul class=”tml-links”><li class=”tml-lostpassword-link”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/forgot-the-password/”>Lost your password?</a></li></ul></div><div>
<a href=”#” class=”text_label switch-form” data-target=”forgot-password-form”>Forgot
Password</a></div></div><div id=”forgot-password-form” class=”popup-form” style=”display: none;”><div class=”forget-password-before”><h3>Forgot Password</h3><p>Enter your registered email address or username. You will receive a
link to create a new password via email.</p><div class=”tml tml-lostpassword”><div class=”tml-alerts”></div><form name=”lostpassword” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/forgot-the-password/” method=”post” data-ajax=”1″><div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-message-wrap”><p class=”tml-message”>Please enter your username or email address. You will receive an email message with instructions on how to reset your password.</p></div><div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-user_login-wrap”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”user_login”>Username or Email Address</label>
<input name=”user_login” type=”text” value=”” id=”user_login” autocapitalize=”off” class=”tml-field”></div><div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-submit-wrap”>
<button name=”submit” type=”submit” class=”tml-button”>Get New Password</button></div><input name=”redirect_to” type=”hidden” value=””></form><ul class=”tml-links”><li class=”tml-login-link”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/”>Log in</a></li></ul></div><div class=”not-a-member”><div class=”d-flex align-center gap-1″><hr class=”w-100″><span class=”text-16 weight-600″>Or</span><hr class=”w-100″></div>
<a href=”#” class=”switch-form” data-target=”login-form”>Return to
Login</a></div></div><div class=”forget-password-after” style=”display: none;”><h3>Forgot Password</h3><p>We have sent a link to your registered email address to reset your password.</p>
<i>
<svg viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg></i>
<a href=”#” class=”primary_action_btn switch-form” data-target=”login-form”>Back to
Login</a></div></div><div id=”membership-form” class=”popup-form” style=”display: none;”><div class=”member-container”><h3 class=”large”>Become a Member & Enjoy Exclusive Benefits!</h3><ul><li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>Access to comments feature</li><li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>Bookmark your favorite articles</li><li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>Exclusive invitations to FO° Talks & FO° Live</li><li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>Access to all of our e-publications</li></ul></div>
<a class=”primary_action_btn”
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/membership-account/membership-levels/”>Explore Membership</a><div class=”not-a-member”>
<a href=”#” class=”switch-form” data-target=”login-form”>Return to
Login</a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <script>var amounts = {
“one-time”: [16, 33],
“monthly”: [5, 9],
“yearly”: [11, 111]
};

jQuery(function ($) {
function updateFooterAmounts(cycle) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .custom_amount”).val(”);
var amountContainer = $(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-buttons”);
amountContainer.empty();

amounts[cycle].forEach(function (amount, index) {
var activeClass = index === 1 ? ‘active’ : ”;
amountContainer.append(‘<span class=”amount-btn ‘ + activeClass + ‘” data-value=”‘ + amount + ‘”>$’ + amount + ‘</span>’);
});

// Set the default selected amount to the second in the list
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #amount”).val(amounts[cycle][1]);

// Reattach event listeners to new amount buttons
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-btn”).on(“click”, function (e) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-btn”).removeClass(“active”);
$(this).addClass(“active”);
var amount = $(this).data(“value”);
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #amount”).val(amount);
});
}

$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .cycle-btn”).on(“click”, function (e) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .cycle-btn”).removeClass(“active”);
$(this).addClass(“active”);
var cycle = $(this).data(“value”);
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #cycle”).val(cycle);
updateFooterAmounts(cycle);
});

$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .custom_amount”).on(“input”, function (e) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-btn”).removeClass(“active”);
var amount = $(this).val();
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #amount”).val(amount);
});

// Initialize the amounts for the default selected cycle
$(document).ready(function () {
var defaultCycle = $(“#footer-donation-form-popup #cycle”).val();
if (amounts[defaultCycle]) {
updateFooterAmounts(defaultCycle);
} else {
console.log(`Invalid default cycle: ${defaultCycle}`);
}
});

});

jQuery(‘.close-footer-btn’).on(‘click’, function (e) {
e.stopImmediatePropagation();
jQuery(“#fixed-footer”).hide();

jQuery.cookie(“isFooterDonationBannerShow”, new Date().toUTCString(), {
path: ‘/’,
domain: ‘www.fairobserver.com’,
secure: true
});
});</script> <script id=”hello-world” type=”text/plain” target=”amp-script” runat=server>async function demo(){
var initial_position = await document.getElementById(‘amp-textarea’).getBoundingClientRectAsync();
let timer = setInterval( async ()=> {
var current_position = await document.getElementById(‘amp-textarea’).getBoundingClientRectAsync();
if ((Math.ceil(initial_position.top) – Math.ceil(current_position.top)) > 1200){
document.getElementById(‘divToHide’).classList.remove(‘d-none’);
document.getElementById(‘closebtn’).addEventListener(‘click’, ()=>{
document.getElementById(‘divToHide’).classList.add(‘d-none’);
});
clearInterval(timer);
}
},2000);
}
demo();</script> <div id=”myModalPopUpsignup” class=”modal signup-wrapper n-email-popup” style=”display: none;”><div class=”modal-content” id=”modal-content-signup”><div class=”signup-cover”><div class=”popup-block-wrp” id=”popup-block-wrp-signup”><div class=”subscribe-popup-content”><h3>NEWSLETTER</h3></div><div class=””><div class=”headingTitle”>Make Sense of the World</div><h2>Unique Insights from 2,500+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</h2></div><div class=”close close-popup-btn-signup” id=”closebtnsignup”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-icon-n.png” alt=”” width=”24″
height=”24″ /></div><div class=”signup-popup”><div class=”signup-innersection”><form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription” method=”post”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””><div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”><div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address”><div class=”cpf-checkbox-new”>
<input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand
that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a>
and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a>
for further information.</label></div>
<input type=”submit” value=”REGISTER”></div></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id=”myModalPopUp” class=”modal signup-wrapper n-email-popup” style=”display: none;”><div class=”modal-content” id=”modal-content-scroll”><div class=”modal-cover”><div class=”popup-block-wrp”><div class=”subscribe-popup-content”><h3>NEWSLETTER</h3></div><div class=””><h1>Make Sense of the World</h1><h2>Unique Insights from 2,500+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</h2></div><div class=”close close-popup-btn” id=”closebtn”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-icon-n.png” alt=”” width=”24″
height=”24″ /></div><div class=”signup-popup”><div class=”signup-innersection”><form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription” method=”post”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””><div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”><div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address”><div class=”cpf-checkbox-new”>
<input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand
that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a>
and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a>
for further information.</label></div>
<input type=”submit” value=”REGISTER”></div></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div> <script>jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘body .comment-reply-link’).click(function () {
var data_commentid = jQuery(this).attr(‘data-commentid’);
jQuery(‘body #comment_parent’).val(data_commentid);
});
});

document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, function () {
function share() {
this.classList.toggle(“active”);
document.querySelector(“.social”).classList.toggle(“active”);
}
const shareButton = document.querySelector(“.share”);
if (shareButton) {
shareButton.addEventListener(“click”, share);
}
});</script> <div id=”myDiv” class=”fixed-footer-newsletter fixed-f”><div class=”fixed-toggle”><div class=”container”><div class=”up-down-toggle-btn”>
<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 384 512″>
<path
d=”M169.4 342.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L192 274.7 54.6 137.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z” />
</svg></div></div></div><div class=”container”><div class=”fixed-f-left”><div class=”logo-newsletter”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-icon-logo.png” alt=”Fair observer”></div><div class=”fixed-f-text”><h2>Make Sense of the World</h2><p>Unique Insights from 2,500+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</p></div></div><div class=”footer-fixed-form”><form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”> <input type=”hidden”
name=”nlang” value=””><div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”><div class=”fo-newsletter-block d-flex justify-space-between”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address”>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”></div><div class=”fo-cpf-checkbox d-flex”> <input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand that I
may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a> and <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a> for further
information .</label></div></div></form></div></div></div> <script>// Function to load a script
function loadScript(url, callback) {
var script = document.createElement(‘script’);
script.src = url;
script.async = true;
script.onload = callback;
document.body.appendChild(script);
}

// Load scripts on user interaction
document.addEventListener(‘scroll’, function () {
loadScript(‘https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-CR9LKERGW0’, function () {
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
gtag(‘js’, new Date());
gtag(‘config’, ‘G-CR9LKERGW0’);
});

// Remove the event listener after loading
document.removeEventListener(‘scroll’, arguments.callee);
});</script> <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) {
w[l] = w[l] || [];
w[l].push({
‘gtm.start’: new Date().getTime(),
event: ‘gtm.js’
});
var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j = d.createElement(s),
dl = l != ‘dataLayer’ ? ‘&l=’ + l : ”;
j.async = true;
j.src =
‘https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=’ + i + dl;
f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f);
})(window, document, ‘script’, ‘dataLayer’, ‘GTM-PLZSZQV’);</script>
<noscript><iframe src=”https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PLZSZQV” height=”0″ width=”0″
style=”display:none;visibility:hidden”></iframe></noscript>
<script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/js/custom.js”></script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/js/jquery.cookie.min.js”
type=”sortdDeferScript”></script> <link href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/css/print.css?v=2.3″ rel=”stylesheet” media=”print” /> <script type=”speculationrules”>{“prefetch”:[{“source”:”document”,”where”:{“and”:[{“href_matches”:”/*”},{“not”:{“href_matches”:[“/wp-*.php”,”/wp-admin/*”,”/wp-content/uploads/*”,”/wp-content/*”,”/wp-content/plugins/*”,”/wp-content/themes/fo2023/*”,”/*\?(.+)”]}},{“not”:{“selector_matches”:”a[rel~=”nofollow”]”}},{“not”:{“selector_matches”:”.no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a”}}]},”eagerness”:”conservative”}]}</script> <div id=”cookie-law-info-bar” data-nosnippet=”true”><h5 class=”cli_messagebar_head”>We Need Your Consent</h5><span><div style=”width:100%;font-size:13px”> We use cookies to give you the best possible experience. Learn more about how we use cookies or edit your cookie preferences. <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy” id=”CONSTANT_OPEN_URL” target=”_blank” class=”cli-plugin-main-link”>Privacy Policy</a>. <span><a role=’button’ class=”medium cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cli_settings_button”>My Options</a> <a role=’button’ data-cli_action=”accept” id=”cookie_action_close_header” class=”medium cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cookie_action_close_header cli_action_button wt-cli-accept-btn”>I Accept</a></span></div></span></div><div id=”cookie-law-info-again” data-nosnippet=”true”><span id=”cookie_hdr_showagain”>Privacy & Cookies Policy</span></div><div class=”cli-modal” data-nosnippet=”true” id=”cliSettingsPopup” tabindex=”-1″ role=”dialog” aria-labelledby=”cliSettingsPopup” aria-hidden=”true”><div class=”cli-modal-dialog” role=”document”><div class=”cli-modal-content cli-bar-popup”>
<button type=”button” class=”cli-modal-close” id=”cliModalClose”>
<svg class=”” viewBox=”0 0 24 24″><path d=”M19 6.41l-1.41-1.41-5.59 5.59-5.59-5.59-1.41 1.41 5.59 5.59-5.59 5.59 1.41 1.41 5.59-5.59 5.59 5.59 1.41-1.41-5.59-5.59z”></path><path d=”M0 0h24v24h-24z” fill=”none”></path></svg>
<span class=”wt-cli-sr-only”>Close</span>
</button><div class=”cli-modal-body”><div class=”cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container”><div class=”cli-row”><div class=”cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0″><div class=”cli-privacy-overview”><h4>Edit Cookie Preferences</h4><div class=”cli-privacy-content”><div class=”cli-privacy-content-text”>The Fair Observer website uses digital cookies so it can collect statistics on how many visitors come to the site, what content is viewed and for how long, and the general location of the computer network of the visitor. These statistics are collected and processed using the Google Analytics service. Fair Observer uses these aggregate statistics from website visits to help improve the content of the website and to provide regular reports to our current and future donors and funding organizations. The type of digital cookie information collected during your visit and any derived data cannot be used or combined with other information to personally identify you. Fair Observer does not use personal data collected from its website for advertising purposes or to market to you.</p><p>As a convenience to you, Fair Observer provides buttons that link to popular social media sites, called social sharing buttons, to help you share Fair Observer content and your comments and opinions about it on these social media sites. These social sharing buttons are provided by and are part of these social media sites. They may collect and use personal data as described in their respective policies. Fair Observer does not receive personal data from your use of these social sharing buttons. It is not necessary that you use these buttons to read Fair Observer content or to share on social media.</p><p> </div></div>
<a class=”cli-privacy-readmore” aria-label=”Show more” role=”button” data-readmore-text=”Show more” data-readless-text=”Show less”></a></div></div><div class=”cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0 cli-tab-section-container”><div class=”cli-tab-section”><div class=”cli-tab-header”>
<a role=”button” tabindex=”0″ class=”cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile” data-target=”necessary” data-toggle=”cli-toggle-tab”>
Necessary </a><div class=”wt-cli-necessary-checkbox”>
<input type=”checkbox” class=”cli-user-preference-checkbox” id=”wt-cli-checkbox-necessary” data-id=”checkbox-necessary” checked=”checked” />
<label class=”form-check-label” for=”wt-cli-checkbox-necessary”>Necessary</label></div>
<span class=”cli-necessary-caption”>Always Enabled</span></div><div class=”cli-tab-content”><div class=”cli-tab-pane cli-fade” data-id=”necessary”><div class=”wt-cli-cookie-description”>
These cookies essential for the website to function.</div></div></div></div><div class=”cli-tab-section”><div class=”cli-tab-header”>
<a role=”button” tabindex=”0″ class=”cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile” data-target=”social_media” data-toggle=”cli-toggle-tab”>
Social Media </a><div class=”cli-switch”>
<input type=”checkbox” id=”wt-cli-checkbox-social_media” class=”cli-user-preference-checkbox” data-id=”checkbox-social_media” checked=’checked’ />
<label for=”wt-cli-checkbox-social_media” class=”cli-slider” data-cli-enable=”Enabled” data-cli-disable=”Disabled”><span class=”wt-cli-sr-only”>Social Media</span></label></div></div><div class=”cli-tab-content”><div class=”cli-tab-pane cli-fade” data-id=”social_media”><div class=”wt-cli-cookie-description”>
These cookies are used to enable sharing or following of content that you find interesting on our website. These settings apply to third-party social networking and other websites.</div></div></div></div><div class=”cli-tab-section”><div class=”cli-tab-header”>
<a role=”button” tabindex=”0″ class=”cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile” data-target=”performance” data-toggle=”cli-toggle-tab”>
Performance & Functionality </a><div class=”cli-switch”>
<input type=”checkbox” id=”wt-cli-checkbox-performance” class=”cli-user-preference-checkbox” data-id=”checkbox-performance” checked=’checked’ />
<label for=”wt-cli-checkbox-performance” class=”cli-slider” data-cli-enable=”Enabled” data-cli-disable=”Disabled”><span class=”wt-cli-sr-only”>Performance & Functionality</span></label></div></div><div class=”cli-tab-content”><div class=”cli-tab-pane cli-fade” data-id=”performance”><div class=”wt-cli-cookie-description”>
These cookies are used to enhance the performance and functionality of our website. They provide statistics on how our website is used and help us improve by measuring errors. Certain functionalities on our website may become unavailable without these cookies.</div></div></div></div><div class=”cli-tab-section”><div class=”cli-tab-header”>
<a role=”button” tabindex=”0″ class=”cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile” data-target=”analytics” data-toggle=”cli-toggle-tab”>
Analytics </a><div class=”cli-switch”>
<input type=”checkbox” id=”wt-cli-checkbox-analytics” class=”cli-user-preference-checkbox” data-id=”checkbox-analytics” checked=’checked’ />
<label for=”wt-cli-checkbox-analytics” class=”cli-slider” data-cli-enable=”Enabled” data-cli-disable=”Disabled”><span class=”wt-cli-sr-only”>Analytics</span></label></div></div><div class=”cli-tab-content”><div class=”cli-tab-pane cli-fade” data-id=”analytics”><div class=”wt-cli-cookie-description”></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=”cli-modal-footer”><div class=”wt-cli-element cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container”><div class=”cli-row”><div class=”cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0″><div class=”cli-tab-footer wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions”>
<a id=”wt-cli-privacy-save-btn” role=”button” tabindex=”0″ data-cli-action=”accept” class=”wt-cli-privacy-btn cli_setting_save_button wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn cli-btn”>SAVE & ACCEPT</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=”cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-settings-overlay”></div><div class=”cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-popupbar-overlay”></div>
<script>document.body.classList.remove(“no-js”);</script> <script>document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function() {
// Select all image elements
const allImages = document.querySelectorAll(‘img’);

// Iterate through each image and add alt if missing
allImages.forEach((img, index) => {
if (!img.hasAttribute(‘alt’) || img.alt.trim() === ”) {
// Add a default alt tag (you can customize the logic)
img.alt = img.src.split(‘/’).pop().split(‘.’)[0].replace(/[-_]/g, ‘ ‘);
}
});
});</script> <script type=”text/javascript”>jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
// Function to update the tooltip text for notification checkboxes
function updateTooltip(checkbox) {
// Select the closest label for the specific notification checkbox
const tooltipLabel = $(checkbox).closest(‘.wpd_label’);

// Update the tooltip based on the checkbox state
if ($(checkbox).is(‘:checked’)) {
tooltipLabel.attr(‘wpd-tooltip’, “Don’t notify me about replies”);
} else {
tooltipLabel.attr(‘wpd-tooltip’, “Notify me about replies”);
}
}

// Initial tooltip update for relevant notification checkboxes on page load
$(‘.wpd_label__checkbox[name=”wpdiscuz_notification_type”]’).each(function () {
updateTooltip(this);
});

// Update tooltip when any notification checkbox is toggled
$(document).on(‘change’, ‘.wpd_label__checkbox[name=”wpdiscuz_notification_type”]’, function () {
updateTooltip(this);
});
});</script> <style type=”text/css”>.wpd-comment-share.wpd-hidden .wpd-tooltip-content {
min-width: 165px !important;
}</style> <script type=”text/javascript”>jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
// Target only .wpd-tooltip-content inside .wpd-comment-share.wpd-hidden
$(‘.wpd-comment-share.wpd-hidden .wpd-tooltip-content’).each(function () {
// Extract the comment URL from the existing WhatsApp or Twitter link
var twitterUrl = $(this).find(‘a.wc_tw’).attr(‘href’);
var commentUrl = ”;

// Check if the Twitter URL exists and extract the actual URL part
if (twitterUrl) {
var urlParams = new URLSearchParams(twitterUrl.split(‘?’)[1]);
commentUrl = urlParams.get(‘url’);
}

// Fallback to WhatsApp URL if Twitter URL is not found
if (!commentUrl) {
var whatsappUrl = $(this).find(‘a.wc_whatsapp’).attr(‘href’);
if (whatsappUrl) {
commentUrl = decodeURIComponent(whatsappUrl.split(‘URL: ‘)[1]);
}
}

// Ensure the commentUrl is extracted, then append new share buttons
if (commentUrl) {
$(this).append(
‘<a class=”wc_facebook” rel=”noreferrer” href=”https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share On Facebook”>’ +
‘<i class=”fab fa-facebook wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’ +
‘<a class=”wc_telegram” rel=”noreferrer” href=”https://t.me/share/url?url=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share On Telegram”>’ +
‘<i class=”fab fa-telegram wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’ +
‘<a class=”wc_linkedin” rel=”noreferrer” href=”https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share On LinkedIn”>’ +
‘<i class=”fab fa-linkedin wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’ +
‘<a class=”wc_email” rel=”noreferrer” href=”mailto:?subject=Check out this comment on Fair Observer&body=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share via Email”>’ +
‘<i class=”fas fa-envelope wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’
);
}
});
});</script> <div id=’wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper-bg’></div><div id=’wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper’><textarea id=’wpd-editor-source-code’></textarea><button id=’wpd-insert-source-code’>Insert</button><input type=’hidden’ id=’wpd-editor-uid’ /></div> <script>/(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent) && document.getElementById && window.addEventListener && window.addEventListener(“hashchange”, (function() {
var t, e = location.hash.substring(1);
/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e) && (t = document.getElementById(e)) && (/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName) || (t.tabIndex = -1), t.focus())
}), !1);</script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/js/cbxwpbookmark-events.js” id=”cbxwpbookmark-events-js”></script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/vendors/awesome-notifications/script.js” id=”awesome-notifications-js”></script> <script id=”cbxwpbookmarkpublicjs-js-extra”>var cbxwpbookmark = {“ajaxurl”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”,”nonce”:”3f4494b250″,”cat_template”:””””,”category_delete_success”:”Category deleted successfully”,”category_delete_error”:”Unable to delete the category”,”are_you_sure_global”:”Are you sure?”,”are_you_sure_delete_desc”:”Once you delete, it’s gone forever. You can not revert it back.”,”areyousuretodeletecat”:”Are you sure you want to delete this Bookmark Category?”,”areyousuretodeletebookmark”:”Are you sure you want to delete this Bookmark?”,”bookmark_failed”:”Failed to Bookmark”,”bookmark_removed”:”Bookmark Removed”,”bookmark_removed_empty”:”All Bookmarks Removed”,”bookmark_removed_failed”:”Bookmark Removed Failed”,”error_msg”:”Error loading data. Response code = “,”category_name_empty”:”Category name can not be empty”,”add_to_head_default”:”Click Category to Bookmark”,”add_to_head_cat_list”:”Click to Edit Category”,”add_to_head_cat_edit”:”Edit Category”,”add_to_head_cat_create”:”Create Category”,”no_cats_found”:”No category found”,”add_to_head_max_cat”:”Maximum category limit reached”,”max_cat_limit”:”0″,”max_cat_limit_error”:”Sorry, you reached the maximum category limit and to create one one, please delete unnecessary categories first”,”user_current_cat_count”:”0″,”user_current_cats”:””,”user_can_create_cat”:”1″,”bookmark_mode”:”no_cat”,”bookmark_not_found”:”No bookmarks found”,”load_more”:”Load More …”,”category_default_status”:”1″,”delete_all_bookmarks_by_user_confirm”:”Are you sure to delete all of your bookmarks? This process can not be undone.”,”awn_options”:{“tip”:”Tip”,”info”:”Info”,”success”:”Success”,”warning”:”Attention”,”alert”:”Error”,”async”:”Loading”,”confirm”:”Confirmation”,”confirmOk”:”OK”,”confirmCancel”:”Cancel”},”shareurl_html”:”u003Cdiv class=”shareurl_modal”u003Eu003Ch3u003ECopy and Share Urlu003C/h3u003Eu003Cdiv class=”shareurl_copy”u003Eu003Cinput readonly class=”shareurl_copy_input” name=”shareurl_copy_input” type=”text” value=”##share_url##” /u003Eu003Cbutton data-url=”##share_url##” class=”shareurl_copy_btn”u003ECopyu003C/buttonu003Eu003C/divu003Eu003C/divu003E”,”shareurl_trans”:{“copy”:”Copy”,”copied”:”Copied”}};
//# sourceURL=cbxwpbookmarkpublicjs-js-extra</script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/js/cbxwpbookmark-public.js” id=”cbxwpbookmarkpublicjs-js”></script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js” id=”comment-reply-js” async data-wp-strategy=”async” fetchpriority=”low”></script> <script id=”theme-my-login-js-extra”>var themeMyLogin = {“action”:””,”errors”:[]};
//# sourceURL=theme-my-login-js-extra</script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/scripts/theme-my-login.min.js” id=”theme-my-login-js”></script> <script id=”custom-scripts-js-extra”>var ajax_object = {“ajax_url”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”};
//# sourceURL=custom-scripts-js-extra</script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/js/custom-scripts.js” id=”custom-scripts-js”></script> <script id=”wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-extra”>var wpdiscuzAjaxObj = {“wc_hide_replies_text”:”Hide Replies”,”wc_show_replies_text”:”View Replies”,”wc_msg_required_fields”:”Please fill out required fields”,”wc_invalid_field”:”Some of field value is invalid”,”wc_error_empty_text”:”please fill out this field to comment”,”wc_error_url_text”:”url is invalid”,”wc_error_email_text”:”email address is invalid”,”wc_invalid_captcha”:”Invalid Captcha Code”,”wc_login_to_vote”:”You Must Be Logged In To Vote”,”wc_deny_voting_from_same_ip”:”You are not allowed to vote for this comment”,”wc_self_vote”:”You cannot vote for your comment”,”wc_vote_only_one_time”:”You’ve already voted for this comment”,”wc_voting_error”:”Voting Error”,”wc_banned_user”:”You are banned”,”wc_comment_edit_not_possible”:”Sorry, this comment is no longer possible to edit”,”wc_comment_not_updated”:”Sorry, the comment was not updated”,”wc_comment_not_edited”:”You’ve not made any changes”,”wc_msg_input_min_length”:”Input is too short”,”wc_msg_input_max_length”:”Input is too long”,”wc_spoiler_title”:”Spoiler Title”,”wc_cannot_rate_again”:”You cannot rate again”,”wc_not_allowed_to_rate”:”You’re not allowed to rate here”,”wc_confirm_rate_edit”:”Are you sure you want to edit your rate?”,”wc_follow_user”:”Follow this user”,”wc_unfollow_user”:”Unfollow this user”,”wc_follow_success”:”You started following this comment author”,”wc_follow_canceled”:”You stopped following this comment author.”,”wc_follow_email_confirm”:”Please check your email and confirm the user following request.”,”wc_follow_email_confirm_fail”:”Sorry, we couldn’t send confirmation email.”,”wc_follow_login_to_follow”:”Please login to follow users.”,”wc_follow_impossible”:”We are sorry, but you can’t follow this user.”,”wc_follow_not_added”:”Following failed. Please try again later.”,”is_user_logged_in”:””,”commentListLoadType”:”0″,”commentListUpdateType”:”0″,”commentListUpdateTimer”:”60″,”liveUpdateGuests”:”0″,”wordpressThreadCommentsDepth”:”10″,”wordpressIsPaginate”:””,”commentTextMaxLength”:”1500″,”replyTextMaxLength”:”1500″,”commentTextMinLength”:”1″,”replyTextMinLength”:”1″,”storeCommenterData”:”100000″,”socialLoginAgreementCheckbox”:”1″,”enableFbLogin”:”0″,”fbUseOAuth2″:”0″,”enableFbShare”:”1″,”facebookAppID”:””,”facebookUseOAuth2″:”0″,”enableGoogleLogin”:”0″,”googleClientID”:””,”googleClientSecret”:””,”cookiehash”:”e66860338f17370cef9df4542f61dc2c”,”isLoadOnlyParentComments”:”0″,”scrollToComment”:”1″,”commentFormView”:”collapsed”,”enableDropAnimation”:”1″,”isNativeAjaxEnabled”:”1″,”userInteractionCheck”:”1″,”enableBubble”:”0″,”bubbleLiveUpdate”:”0″,”bubbleHintTimeout”:”45″,”bubbleHintHideTimeout”:”10″,”cookieHideBubbleHint”:”wpdiscuz_hide_bubble_hint”,”bubbleHintShowOnce”:”1″,”bubbleHintCookieExpires”:”7″,”bubbleShowNewCommentMessage”:”1″,”bubbleLocation”:”content_left”,”firstLoadWithAjax”:”0″,”wc_copied_to_clipboard”:”Copied to clipboard!”,”inlineFeedbackAttractionType”:”blink”,”loadRichEditor”:”1″,”wpDiscuzReCaptchaSK”:”6Lcv4t0rAAAAADxN4Z8xk9FLg7__TNK_1uYYIDUe”,”wpDiscuzReCaptchaTheme”:”light”,”wpDiscuzReCaptchaVersion”:”2.0″,”wc_captcha_show_for_guest”:”0″,”wc_captcha_show_for_members”:”0″,”wpDiscuzIsShowOnSubscribeForm”:”0″,”wmuEnabled”:”0″,”wmuInput”:”wmu_files”,”wmuMaxFileCount”:”1″,”wmuMaxFileSize”:”2097152″,”wmuPostMaxSize”:”3221225472″,”wmuIsLightbox”:”1″,”wmuMimeTypes”:{“jpg”:”image/jpeg”,”jpeg”:”image/jpeg”,”jpe”:”image/jpeg”,”gif”:”image/gif”,”png”:”image/png”,”bmp”:”image/bmp”,”tiff”:”image/tiff”,”tif”:”image/tiff”,”ico”:”image/x-icon”},”wmuPhraseConfirmDelete”:”Are you sure you want to delete this attachment?”,”wmuPhraseNotAllowedFile”:”Not allowed file type”,”wmuPhraseMaxFileCount”:”Maximum number of uploaded files is 1″,”wmuPhraseMaxFileSize”:”Maximum upload file size is 2MB”,”wmuPhrasePostMaxSize”:”Maximum post size is 3072MB”,”wmuPhraseDoingUpload”:”Uploading in progress! Please wait.”,”msgEmptyFile”:”File is empty. Please upload something more substantial. This error could also be caused by uploads being disabled in your php.ini or by post_max_size being defined as smaller than upload_max_filesize in php.ini.”,”msgPostIdNotExists”:”Post ID not exists”,”msgUploadingNotAllowed”:”Sorry, uploading not allowed for this post”,”msgPermissionDenied”:”You do not have sufficient permissions to perform this action”,”wmuKeyImages”:”images”,”wmuSingleImageWidth”:”auto”,”wmuSingleImageHeight”:”200″,”previewTemplate”:”u003Cdiv class=”wmu-preview [PREVIEW_TYPE_CLASS]” title=”[PREVIEW_TITLE]” data-wmu-type=”[PREVIEW_TYPE]” data-wmu-attachment=”[PREVIEW_ID]”u003Ern u003Cdiv class=”wmu-preview-remove”u003Ern u003Cimg class=”wmu-preview-img” src=”[PREVIEW_ICON]”u003Ern u003Cdiv class=”wmu-file-name”u003E[PREVIEW_FILENAME]u003C/divu003Ern u003C!– u003Cdiv class=”wmu-delete”u003Eu00a0u003C/divu003E–u003Ern u003C/divu003Ernu003C/divu003Ern”,”isUserRated”:”0″,”version”:”7.6.42″,”wc_post_id”:”160324″,”isCookiesEnabled”:”1″,”loadLastCommentId”:”0″,”dataFilterCallbacks”:[],”phraseFilters”:[],”scrollSize”:”32″,”url”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”,”customAjaxUrl”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/utils/ajax/wpdiscuz-ajax.php”,”bubbleUpdateUrl”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-json/wpdiscuz/v1/update”,”restNonce”:”65ad7af67a”,”is_rate_editable”:”0″,”menu_icon”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/img/plugin-icon/wpdiscuz-svg.svg”,”menu_icon_hover”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/img/plugin-icon/wpdiscuz-svg_hover.svg”,”is_email_field_required”:”1″};
var wpdiscuzUCObj = {“msgConfirmDeleteComment”:”Are you sure you want to delete this comment?”,”msgConfirmCancelSubscription”:”Are you sure you want to cancel this subscription?”,”msgConfirmCancelFollow”:”Are you sure you want to cancel this follow?”,”additionalTab”:”0″};
//# sourceURL=wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-extra</script> <script id=”wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-before”>var wpdiscuzEditorOptions = {
modules: {
toolbar: “”,
counter: {
uniqueID: “”,
commentmaxcount : 1500,
replymaxcount : 1500,
commentmincount : 1,
replymincount : 1,
},
},
wc_be_the_first_text: “Be the First to Comment!”,
wc_comment_join_text: “Join the discussion”,
theme: ‘snow’,
debug: ‘error’
};

//# sourceURL=wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-before</script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/js/wpdiscuz-combo.min.js” id=”wpdiscuz-combo-js-js”></script> <script src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/featured-video-plus/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js” id=”featured-video-plus-js”></script> <script id=”cookie-law-info-js-extra”>var Cli_Data = {“nn_cookie_ids”:[“__utma”,”__utmc”,”__utmz”,”__utmt”,”__utmb”,”_exposure_session”,”_gat_gtag_UA_64856472_1″,”timezone”,”test_cookie”,”em_cdn_uid”,”__cfduid”,”idsync-ttd-uid”,”idsync-ttd-profile”,”idsync-dbm-uid”,”idsync-dbm-profile”,”idsync-dyn-uid”,”idsync-dyn-profile”,”idsync-mm-uid”,”idsync-mm-profile”,”idsync-cto-uid”,”idsync-cto-profile”,”idsync-acu-uid”,”idsync-acu-profile”,”YTC”,”vuid”,”tsUserData”,”tuuid”,”c”,”tuuid_lu”,”TapAd_TS”,”TapAd_DID”,”stn”,”auid”,”wfivefivec”,”TDCPM”,”rmuid”,”icts”,”SERVERID”,”OAID”,”did”,”didts”,”nnls”,”rlas3″,”TDID”,”adtheorent[cuid]”,”pxrc”,”bkdc”,”bkpa”,”bku”,”ssi”,”_ssum”,”uuidc”,”idsync-uuid”,”idsync-ts”,”idsync-qs”,”gu-uuid”,”gu-ts”,”gu-qs”,”lang”,”sc_anonymous_id”,”wp_woocommerce_session_73e816ca578746b9d2140fca098c8954″,”EE”,”ud”,”uuid”,”language”,”m”,”S”,”NID”,”VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE”,”GPS”,”YSC”,”IDE”,”PHPSESSID”,”vis”,”session-set”,”amazon-pay-abtesting-new-widgets”,”amazon-pay-abtesting-apa-migration”,”pmpro_visit”,”_ga”,”_gid”,”_gat”,”__stripe_mid”,”__stripe_sid”,”apay-status-v2″,”ubid-main”,”session-token”,”session-id”,”session-id-time”,”viewed_cookie_policy”],”cookielist”:[],”non_necessary_cookies”:{“necessary”:[“__cfduid”,”PHPSESSID”,”pmpro_visit”,”session-id”],”performance”:[“__utma”,”__utmc”,”__utmz”,”__utmt”,”__utmb”,”YSC”,”_gat”]},”ccpaEnabled”:””,”ccpaRegionBased”:””,”ccpaBarEnabled”:””,”strictlyEnabled”:[“necessary”,”obligatoire”],”ccpaType”:”gdpr”,”js_blocking”:””,”custom_integration”:””,”triggerDomRefresh”:””,”secure_cookies”:””};
var cli_cookiebar_settings = {“animate_speed_hide”:”500″,”animate_speed_show”:”500″,”background”:”#ffffff”,”border”:”#b1a6a6c2″,”border_on”:””,”button_1_button_colour”:”#000″,”button_1_button_hover”:”#000000″,”button_1_link_colour”:”#ffffff”,”button_1_as_button”:”1″,”button_1_new_win”:””,”button_2_button_colour”:”#000″,”button_2_button_hover”:”#000000″,”button_2_link_colour”:”#000″,”button_2_as_button”:””,”button_2_hidebar”:””,”button_3_button_colour”:”#000″,”button_3_button_hover”:”#000000″,”button_3_link_colour”:”#fff”,”button_3_as_button”:”1″,”button_3_new_win”:””,”button_4_button_colour”:”#e8e8e8″,”button_4_button_hover”:”#bababa”,”button_4_link_colour”:”#0a0a0a”,”button_4_as_button”:”1″,”button_7_button_colour”:”#61a229″,”button_7_button_hover”:”#4e8221″,”button_7_link_colour”:”#fff”,”button_7_as_button”:”1″,”button_7_new_win”:””,”font_family”:”inherit”,”header_fix”:””,”notify_animate_hide”:”1″,”notify_animate_show”:”1″,”notify_div_id”:”#cookie-law-info-bar”,”notify_position_horizontal”:”left”,”notify_position_vertical”:”bottom”,”scroll_close”:””,”scroll_close_reload”:”1″,”accept_close_reload”:””,”reject_close_reload”:””,”showagain_tab”:”1″,”showagain_background”:”#fff”,”showagain_border”:”#000″,”showagain_div_id”:”#cookie-law-info-again”,”showagain_x_position”:”100px”,”text”:”#000″,”show_once_yn”:””,”show_once”:”10000″,”logging_on”:”1″,”as_popup”:””,”popup_overlay”:”1″,”bar_heading_text”:”We Need Your Consent “,”cookie_bar_as”:”banner”,”popup_showagain_position”:”bottom-right”,”widget_position”:”left”};
var log_object = {“ajax_url”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”};
//# sourceURL=cookie-law-info-js-extra</script> <script defer src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/js/cookie-law-info-public.js” id=”cookie-law-info-js”></script> <script></script> <script>document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, function() {
var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/themes/default/style.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/css/wpdiscuz-combo.min.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/third-party/font-awesome-5.13.0/css/fa.min.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg_Image_align_addon/css/gia-style.min.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/vendors/awesome-notifications/style.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-public.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-gdpr.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l); });</script> <style>.download_product_popup_content,
.popup_container {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-wrap: wrap;
text-align: center
}

/* .popup_loginmodel .dm-fo-login-box {
max-width: 420px !important
} */</style> <script>jQuery(document).ready(function () {

jQuery(‘.close-popup-btn-signup’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUpsignup’).hide();

});

jQuery(‘#myBtn , .sign_up_heaer’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUpsignup’).show();
});

var path = location.pathname;
var popup_not_allowed_in_paths = [“/fo/donate/”, “/fo/support-fo/”, “/fo/membership-account/membership-levels/”,
“/fo/membership-account/membership-checkout/?level=2”, “/fo/membership-account/membership-checkout/?level=1”,
“/fo/contact/”, “payment-success”
];
var isPopupOnPathAllowed = true;
if (popup_not_allowed_in_paths.includes(path)) {
isPopupOnPathAllowed = false;
}

if (jQuery.cookie(‘whenToShowDialog’) != “yesss” && isPopupOnPathAllowed) {
jQuery(window).scroll(function () {
var available, percentage_of_page, half_screen, height;
available = jQuery(document).height();
percentage_of_page = 0.25;
half_screen = available * percentage_of_page;
height = jQuery(window).scrollTop();
if (height > half_screen) {

if (jQuery.cookie(‘whenToShowDialog’) != “yesss”) {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUp”).css(‘display’, ‘flex’);
jQuery.cookie(“whenToShowDialog”, “yesss”);
}
}
});
} else {
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUp’).hide();
}

var dwnldbtn = jQuery(“#download_product_popup_open”);
dwnldbtn.click(() => {
console.log(‘be’);
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).show();
});

jQuery(‘#download_product_popup_open’).click(function () {
console.log(‘hellof’);
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).fadeIn();
});
jQuery(‘.download_product_popup_close’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).fadeOut();
});
jQuery(‘.download_product_popup_close’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).fadeOut();
});

var container = jQuery(“#download_product_popup”);
container.click((e) => {
if (e.target.id == ‘download_product_popup’) {
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).hide();
}
});

jQuery(‘.close-popup-btn’).click(function () {
// $.cookie(‘whenToShowDialog’, “yesss”);
display(“whenToShowDialog”, “yesss”);
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUp’).hide();
});

jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount’).keyup(function (e) {
var $otherRadio = jQuery(‘#other’);
var $otherAmountSection = jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’);

$otherAmountSection.show();
$otherRadio.prop(‘checked’, true);

var value = jQuery(this).val();
jQuery(‘#donation_amount’).html(‘$’ + value);
$otherRadio.val(value);
jQuery(‘#amount’).val(value);
});

jQuery(‘#other’).change(function () {
if (jQuery(this).is(‘:checked’)) {
jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’).show();
} else {
jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’).hide();
}
});
});

<!– –>
jQuery(document).click(function () {

/* login popup */
jQuery(‘#closebtnlogin’).click(function () {
jQuery(“#loginmodal”).hide();
});
var logincontainer = jQuery(“.dm-fo-login-box”);
if (!logincontainer.is(event.target) && !logincontainer.has(event.target).length) {
jQuery(“#loginmodal”).hide();
}
var loginbtn = jQuery(“.fo-login-link”);
if (!loginbtn.is(event.target) && !loginbtn.has(event.target).length) {

} else {
var loginModal = jQuery(“#loginmodal”);
loginModal.find(‘.popup-form input’).val(”); // Clear all input values (optional)
loginModal.find(‘.popup-form’).hide(); // Hide all forms within #loginmodal
loginModal.find(‘.error-message’).remove(); // Remove all error messages within #loginmodal
loginModal.find(‘.input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’); // Remove error class within #loginmodal
loginModal.find(‘#login-form’).show(); // Show the target form within #loginmodal

loginModal.show(); // Show the login modal
}

/* signupbutton popup */
var signupcontainer = jQuery(“#modal-content-signup”);
if (!signupcontainer.is(event.target) && !signupcontainer.has(event.target).length) {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUpsignup”).hide();
}
var signupcontainerbtn = jQuery(“#myBtn”);
if (!signupcontainerbtn.is(event.target) && !signupcontainerbtn.has(event.target).length) {

} else {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUpsignup”).css(‘display’, ‘flex’);
}

/* signupbutton onscroll popup */
var container = jQuery(“#modal-content-scroll”);
if (!container.is(event.target) && !container.has(event.target).length) {
var displayval = jQuery(‘#myModalPopUp’).css(‘display’);
if (displayval == ‘flex’) {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUp”).hide();
display(“whenToShowDialog”, “yesss”);
}
}

jQuery(‘#other’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’).show();
});

jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount’).keyup(function (e) {
var activeElement = document.getElementsByClassName(“donation-amount-box”)[0].getElementsByClassName(“active”)[0];
if (activeElement) {
activeElement.classList.remove(‘active’);
}

var value = $(‘.other_donation_amount’).val();
jQuery(‘#other’).val(value);
jQuery(‘#donation_amount’).html(‘$’ + value);
jQuery(‘#amount’).val(value);
jQuery(‘#paypalamount’).val(value);
jQuery(‘#monthly’).val(value);
})
});

jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘.fo-login-link.btn-popup-footer a’).on(‘click’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); // Prevent the default behavior of the link

jQuery(‘.btn-popup-footer-login’).addClass(‘pop-active’); // Add the custom class
});
});

jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘.btn-popup-footer-login-close’).on(‘click’, function () {
jQuery(‘.popup_loginmodel.btn-popup-footer-login’).removeClass(‘pop-active’);
});
});

jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
jQuery(“.total_counts h1”).click(function () {
jQuery(“.fo-search-popup”).addClass(“active”);
});
});

jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘.tml-pwd-wrap’).append(‘<div id=”show_hide_div” class=”togglepwd” onclick=”showPassword(event)”><i class=”bi bi-eye-slash-fill”></i></div>’);
jQuery(‘meta[property=”og:image:height”]’).attr(“content”, 400);
jQuery(‘meta[property=”og:image:width”]’).attr(“content”, 400);

//Open Bookmark Model
jQuery(‘#screen, #modal’).hide();
jQuery(‘#trigger-modal ,#trigger-modal2’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#modal’).show();
});
jQuery(‘.x’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#screen, #modal’).hide();
});

window.addEventListener(‘click’, function (e) {
if (document.getElementById(‘modal’).contains(e.target)) {
jQuery(“#modal”).hide();
} else { }
});

});

function showPassword(event) {
event.stopPropagation();
var pass = document.getElementById(“user_pass”);
if (pass.type === “password”) {
pass.type = “text”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div”).innerHTML = “<i class=’bi bi-eye-fill’></i>”;
} else {
pass.type = “password”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div”).innerHTML = “<i class=’bi bi-eye-slash-fill’></i>”;
}
}

function showPassword1() {

var pass = document.getElementById(“upassword”);
if (pass.type === “password”) {
pass.type = “text”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg1”).innerHTML = “Hide”;
} else {
pass.type = “password”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg1”).innerHTML = “Show”;
}
}

function showPassword2() {

var pass = document.getElementById(“upasswordconfirm”);
if (pass.type === “password”) {
pass.type = “text”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg2”).innerHTML = “Hide”;
} else {
pass.type = “password”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg2”).innerHTML = “Show”;
}
}

jQuery(“.emaillink”).click(function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
jQuery(“#contact_us_form”).css(‘display’, ‘flex’);
});

jQuery(‘#contact_us_form’).click((e) => {
if (e.target.id === “contact_us_form”) {
jQuery(“#contact_us_form”).css(‘display’, ‘none’);
}
});</script> <script>document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, function () {
// Wait for 1 minute (60000 milliseconds) after the page loads
setTimeout(function () {
// Get the fixed-footer div
var fixedFooter = document.getElementById(“fixed-footer”);
if (fixedFooter) {
// Make the div visible by setting its display to block
fixedFooter.style.display = “block”;
}
}, 5000); // 60000 ms = 1 minute
});

jQuery(function ($) {
$(window).scroll(function () {
var scrollOffset = $(window).scrollTop();
if (scrollOffset > 400) { // change 100 to the desired scroll offset
$(‘.fixed-footer-newsletter’).addClass(‘active’);
} else {
$(‘fixed-footer-newsletter’).removeClass(‘none’);
}
});
$(document).ready(function () {
$(“.up-down-toggle-btn svg”).click(function () {
$(“.fixed-footer-newsletter”).toggleClass(“hide”);
if ($(“.fixed-footer-newsletter”).hasClass(‘hide’)) {
localStorage.setItem(‘hideClass’, ‘true’);
} else {
localStorage.removeItem(‘hideClass’);
}
});

var hideClass = localStorage.getItem(‘hideClass’);
if (hideClass === ‘true’) {
$(‘.fixed-footer-newsletter’).addClass(‘hide’);
}

});
});</script> <script>jQuery(function ($) {
$(“.hamburger-box”).click(function () {
$(“.hamburger-box”).toggleClass(“is-active”);
});
});</script> <script type=”sortdDeferScript2″>/* — FO Newsletter add or remove class */

jQuery(function($){
$(“.newsletters-click”).on(“click”, function (e) {
$(this).addClass(‘active’);
});

$(‘#amount_50’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#amount_100’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#amount_500’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#amount_1000’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#other_pay’).change(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(“#other_amount_pay”).on(“input”, function () {
var inputValue = $(this).val();
if (inputValue !== “”) {
$(‘#amount_50’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#amount_100’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#amount_500’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#amount_1000’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(inputValue);

$(“#other_pay”).prop(“checked”, true);
}
});

});

/* input type number validation */

const numericInput = document.getElementById(‘other_donation_amount’);

if (numericInput) {
numericInput.addEventListener(‘input’, function (e) {
// Get the current input value
const inputValue = e.target.value;

// Remove any non-numeric characters
const numericValue = inputValue.replace(/[^0-9]/g, ”);

// Update the input value with the numeric value
e.target.value = numericValue;
});

}</script> <script type=”sortdDeferScript”>jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(“.share-btn”).click(function () {
jQuery(“.m-share-events”).toggleClass(“active”);
});
});

jQuery(function($){
// For Login Form
if ($(‘form[name=”login”]’).length) {
const loginForm = $(‘form[name=”login”]’);
// Dynamically remove labels and add placeholders for Login Form
$(‘form[name=”login”] label[for=”user_login”]’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”login”] #user_login’).attr(‘placeholder’, ‘Email or Username’);

$(‘form[name=”login”] label[for=”user_pass”]’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”login”] #user_pass’).attr(‘placeholder’, ‘Password’);

// Form validation and error handling for Login Form
$(‘form[name=”login”]’).on(‘submit’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); // Prevent form submission for validation

let isValid = true;

$(this).find(‘input[type=”text”], input[type=”password”]’).each(function () {
const input = $(this);
const value = input.val().trim();

// Remove previous error message and red border
input.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
input.removeClass(‘input-error’);

// Determine field name for the error message
const fieldName = input.attr(‘id’) === ‘user_login’ ? ‘Email or Username’ :
input.attr(‘id’) === ‘user_pass’ ? ‘Password’ :
‘This field’;

// Add error if the field is empty
if (!value) {
isValid = false;
input.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).before(`<div class=”error-message”>${fieldName} is required.</div>`);
input.addClass(‘input-error’);
}
});

// Submit the form if valid
return isValid;
});

// Remove error message and red border on input for Login Form
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘.input-error’, function () {
$(this).removeClass(‘input-error’);
$(this).closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
});
}

// For Lost Password Form
if ($(‘form[name=”lostpassword”]’).length) {
// Dynamically remove labels and add placeholders for Lost Password Form
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] label[for=”user_login”]’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] #user_login’).attr(‘placeholder’, ‘Email or Username’);

// Change the submit button text for Lost Password form
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] button[type=”submit”]’).text(‘Reset Password’);

// Form validation and error handling for Lost Password Form
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”]’).on(‘submit’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); // Prevent form submission for validation

let isValid = true;

$(this).find(‘input[type=”text”]’).each(function () {
const input = $(this);
const value = input.val().trim();

// Remove previous error message and red border
input.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
input.removeClass(‘input-error’);

// Determine field name for the error message
const fieldName = input.attr(‘id’) === ‘user_login’ ? ‘Email or Username’ : ‘This field’;

// Add error if the field is empty
if (!value) {
isValid = false;
input.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).before(`<div class=”error-message”>${fieldName} is required.</div>`);
input.addClass(‘input-error’);
}
});

// Submit the form if valid
return isValid;
});

// Remove error message and red border on input for Lost Password Form
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘.input-error’, function () {
$(this).removeClass(‘input-error’);
$(this).closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
});
}

$(document).ajaxSuccess(function (event, xhr, settings) {
// Check if the request URL is the one from the lostpassword form (or another condition based on your URL)
if (settings.url.indexOf(‘forgot-the-password’) !== -1) {
var response = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);

if (response.success) {
// const successMessage = response.data.notice;
const successMessage = “we have sent a link to your email to reset your password.”;
// Toggle visibility of the before and after sections
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-before’).hide();
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-after’).fadeIn();

} else {
// const errorMessage = response.data.errors;
// Clear previous error messages
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] .error-message’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] .input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’);

const errorMessage = ‘Email address or username is not registered’;
// Find the input fields for user_login and user_pass
const userLoginInput = $(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] #user_login’);

userLoginInput.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).before(`<div class=”error-message”>${errorMessage}</div>`);
userLoginInput.addClass(‘input-error’);

}
}

if (settings.url.indexOf(‘login’) !== -1) {
var response = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);

if (response.success) {
// $(‘form[name=”login”]’).after(‘<div class=”success-message”>Login successful! Redirecting…</div>’);
} else {
// Clear previous error messages
$(‘form[name=”login”] .error-message’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”login”] .input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’);

const errorMessage = response.data.errors; // Assuming this is an HTML string
// Extract plain text error messages from the response
const extractedErrorMessage = $(errorMessage).text().trim();

// Determine where to display the error based on keywords in the message
const userLoginInput = $(‘form[name=”login”] #user_login’);
const userPassInput = $(‘form[name=”login”] #user_pass’);

$(‘form[name=”login”]’).prepend(`<div class=”error-message”>Email address or password is incorrect.</div>`);
userLoginInput.addClass(‘input-error’);
userPassInput.addClass(‘input-error’);
}
}

});

// Switch Between Forms (Login and Forgot Password)
$(‘.switch-form’).on(‘click’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
const target = $(this).data(‘target’);
$(‘.popup-form’).hide(); // Hide all forms
$(‘.error-message’).remove(); // Remove all error messages
$(‘.input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’); // Remove input error classes
$(‘.popup-form input’).val(”); // Clear all input values (optional)

// Show the target form
if (target === ‘forgot-password-form’) {
// Always show forget-password-before when switching to forgot-password-form
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-after’).hide();
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-before’).show();
}

$(‘#’ + target).fadeIn(); // Show the target form
});
});</script> <script id=”sortd_nodefer”>let isTriggered = false;
const interactionEvents = [“keydown”, “mousemove”, “touchmove”, “touchstart”, “touchend”, “wheel”];
function loadDeferredScripts(deferType) {
const scripts = document.querySelectorAll(`script[type=”${deferType}”]`);
scripts.forEach((script) => {
const newScript = document.createElement(“script”);
if (script.defer) {
newScript.defer = true;
}
if (script.src) {
newScript.src = script.src;
if (script.src.includes(‘/dyn/’)) {
newScript.async = true;
}
} else {
if (script.getAttribute(“sortd_type”)) {
newScript.type = script.getAttribute(“sortd_type”);
} else {
newScript.type = “text/javascript”;
}
newScript.text = script.innerHTML;
}
script.parentNode.replaceChild(newScript, script);
});
}
interactionEvents.forEach((event) => {
window.addEventListener(event, function () {
if (!isTriggered) {
isTriggered = true;
loadDeferredScripts(“sortdDeferScript”);
setTimeout(function () {
loadDeferredScripts(“sortdDeferScript2″);
}, 500);
}
});
});</script> <script>jQuery(function($){
// Prevent numbers while typing & enforce maxlength for Name
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘#contactFormCustom input[name=”your-name”]’, function(){
// allow letters, spaces, hyphen, apostrophe, limit to 50 chars
this.value = this.value.replace(/[^A-Za-zs’-]/g, ”).slice(0,50);
});

// Email field: limit to 100 characters and block spaces
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘#contactFormCustom input[name=”your-email”]’, function() {
this.value = this.value.replace(/s/g, ”).slice(0, 100);
});

});</script> <style>/* .postid-157691 .cate-name.si-post{font-weight: 700;color: #fe6b0c;font-family: var(–second-font);} */
.logo-devil-description p {
font-size: 20px;
margin-top: 0;
}</style></body></html><style>/* Hide the view count by default */
.hidden {
display: none;
}</style><p class=”hidden”>Total Views:</p><div class=”bottom-social-menu”><ul><li class=”facebook”><a href=”https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=1830882597555871&href=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/” target=”_blank”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”facebook-f” class=”svg-inline–fa fa-facebook-f fa-w-10″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 320 512″><path fill=”currentColor” d=”M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z”></path></svg>
</a></li><li class=”twitter”>
<a href=”https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?original_referer=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&text=What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security &tw_p=tweetbutton&url=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/&via=myfairobserver”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”twitter” class=”svg-inline–fa fa-twitter fa-w-16″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 512 512″><path fill=”currentColor” d=”M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z”></path></svg>
</a></li><li class=”linkedin”><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/&title=What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security&summery=What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security&source=LinkedIn”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”linkedin-in” class=”svg-inline–fa fa-linkedin-in fa-w-14″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 448 512″><path fill=”currentColor” d=”M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z”></path></svg>
</a></li><li class=”whatsup”><a href=”whatsapp://send?text=What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security – https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”whatsapp” class=”svg-inline–fa fa-whatsapp fa-w-14″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 448 512″><path fill=”currentColor” d=”M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7.9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z”></path></svg>
</a></li><li class=”email”><a href=”mailto:?subject=What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security&body=What’s in a Word? Japan’s Geopolitical Strategy for Regional Security – https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/whats-in-a-word-japans-geopolitical-strategy-for-regional-security/”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fas” data-icon=”envelope” class=”svg-inline–fa fa-envelope fa-w-16″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 512 512″><path fill=”currentColor” d=”M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z”></path></svg>
</a></li></ul></div>
<!– Page optimized by LiteSpeed Cache @2026-01-20 23:44:52 –>

<!– Page cached by LiteSpeed Cache 7.7 on 2026-01-20 23:44:52 –>