The House Republican leader, Kevin McCarthy, began the first week of the 118th Congress striking a defiant tone, insisting he would not abandon his quest for the speakership until he was declared the winner.

“I have the record for the longest speech ever on the floor,” McCarthy said on Tuesday. “I don’t have a problem getting a record for the most votes for speaker, too.”

By Friday, McCarthy was well on his way to fulfilling that pledge. When the House adjourned on Thursday evening, McCarthy had already failed 11 times to win the speakership. The stalemate marked the first time in 163 years that it required more than nine ballots to choose a House speaker.

The embarrassing spectacle has attracted international scrutiny and raised more questions about the future of the Republican party, as well as the US Congress. With a narrow majority in the House and an unruly conference to lead, any Republican speaker will face significant hurdles in trying to advance legislation.

When it comes to must-pass bills like a government funding package or a debt ceiling hike, the Republican dysfunction displayed during the speakership election could threaten the health and legitimacy of the US government and economy.

The delay in choosing a speaker has already affected congressional offices, preventing House members from communicating with agencies about constituent requests or receiving classified briefings.

“If Republicans are unable to muster the votes for a speaker, it will make very clear from the outset they cannot be counted on to fulfill the body’s basic responsibilities,” Brendan Buck, a former senior adviser to House Republican leaders, wrote in a New York Times op-ed this week. “No matter who emerges as the top House Republican, the prolonged spectacle would leave the Republican majority hopelessly damaged from the start, along with the institution of the House itself.”

The cause of McCarthy’s woes can be attributed to 20 members of the House Republican conference who refuse to back his candidacy. The hard-right lawmakers have pushed for a number of chamber rule changes, among other demands, before they will even consider backing McCarthy.

Some of those rule changes would essentially force McCarthy to lead the House with one hand tied behind his back. The anti-McCarthy coalition has proposed a rule allowing a single member to call for a vote on ousting the sitting speaker, which could bring a swift end to any leader’s tenure.

“There are only two outcomes here,” Congressman Matt Gaetz, a Republican of Florida and one of McCarthy’s detractors, said on Twitter on Thursday. “Either Kevin McCarthy withdraws from the Speaker’s race, or he has to wake up every morning and put on the world’s best constructive straitjacket before the beginning of every House session.”

Even an endorsement from Donald Trump, the de facto leader of the Republican party, has not been enough to sway Gaetz and his allies. In a worrisome sign for whoever becomes the next House speaker, some of the holdouts do not appear to have any concrete demands in the negotiations. Their only stance in the speakership battle is to oppose McCarthy.

“I’m not looking for a deal,” the freshman congressman Eli Crane, a Republican of Arizona, told Politico. “Leadership knows where I’m at.”

The ongoing chaos could further jeopardize Republicans’ long-term political prospects. After expressing high hopes for a “red wave” in the midterm elections, Republicans had to instead settle for a slim majority in the House, while Democrats maintained control of the Senate.

Some of McCarthy’s allies have blamed their disappointing performance in November on the extremism displayed by Trump and his acolytes. The speakership standoff will only intensify voters’ concerns about the trajectory of the Republican party, they warn.

“If this remains the face of the GOP in 2024, we will get pummeled in the presidential and congressional elections,” Congressman Don Bacon, a Republican of Nebraska and a McCarthy supporter, told Politico. “We would have won more seats in 2022, but too many feared the extremes in the GOP even before this.”

For many of McCarthy’s Democratic critics, his latest crisis comes with some schadenfreude. McCarthy first became a member of House Republican leadership under former speaker John Boehner, who stepped down in 2015 after numerous clashes with the most conservative members of the conference. Boehner memorably attacked some of those members as “political terrorists”.

McCarthy has been expected to succeed Boehner as speaker but took himself out of the running for the post. In the years since, McCarthy has made a point to stay in Trump’s good graces and play ball with some of the most far-right members of his conference. As the speakership battle has unfolded, Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene, who previously lost her committee assignments over her extreme views, has been a vocal supporter of McCarthy’s candidacy.

Now, despite McCarthy’s best efforts to cajole them, many of those far-right members are staging a revolt against him. Unless McCarthy can convince them otherwise, they have the numbers to deprive him of a job that he has chased for nearly a decade.

Some Democrats cannot help but see a certain amount of justice in McCarthy’s plight.

“Years of blindly pursuing power, currying the favor of special interests and bowing to election deniers has left the GOP in shambles,” Congresswoman Katherine Clark, the House Democratic whip, said on Thursday. “Kevin McCarthy is now being held hostage to his own ambitions by the dangerous members that he’s enabled.”