Entrenched US and Iranian Strategies Make Renewed War Inevitable

</ul>
</div>
</form>
</div>
<!–navigation –>
<nav class=”fo-navigation pos-r” itemscope itemtype=”http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement”>

<div class=”container”>
<div class=”fo-login-link ttp”> <a href=”#”>
<span>Login</span> </a>
</div>

<div class=”nav-first-col col-n”>
<h4>Sections <div class=”fo-search-row d-flex”>

<ul class=”list-style-none mobile-m”>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/events”>Events</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/russian-newsrussia-news”>Russia</a>
</li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications”>Publications</a> </li>

<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/authors”>Authors</a> </li>

<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/about”>About</a> </li>

</ul>
</div>

<div class=”nav-2n-col col-n”>
<div class=”nav-post”>
<article>
<div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-fall-of-the-ottoman-empire/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/post-thumb-fall-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=””
width=”80″ height=”80″ /></a></div>
<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/multimedia/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>MULTIMEDIA</a></h3>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-fall-of-the-ottoman-empire/”
rel=”bookmark”
title=”Permanent Link to The Fall of the Ottoman Empire”>
The Fall of the Ottoman Empire </a>
</h2>
</div>
</article>
</div>

<div class=”nav-post”>
<article>
<div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/middle-east-news/fo-talks-us-western-allies-will-always-prevent-iran-from-making-the-nuclear-bomb/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/US-Western-Allies-Will-Always-Prevent-Iran-From-Making-the-Nuclear-Bomb-FO°-Talks-80×80.jpeg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=””
width=”80″ height=”80″ /></a></div>
<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/video/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>VIDEOS</a></h3>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/middle-east-news/fo-talks-us-western-allies-will-always-prevent-iran-from-making-the-nuclear-bomb/”
rel=”bookmark”
title=”Permanent Link to FO° Talks: US, Western Allies Will Always Prevent Iran From Making the Nuclear Bomb”>
FO° Talks: US, Western Allies Will Always Prevent Iran From Making the Nuclear Bomb </a>
</h2>
</div>
</article>
</div>

<div class=”nav-post”>
<article>
<div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-canadas-untold-role-in-modern-conflicts/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/aa-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=””
width=”80″ height=”80″ /></a></div>
<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/podcasts/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>PODCASTS</a></h3>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-canadas-untold-role-in-modern-conflicts/”
rel=”bookmark”
title=”Permanent Link to FO Podcasts: Canada’s Untold Role in Modern Conflicts”>
FO Podcasts: Canada’s Untold Role in Modern Conflicts </a>
</h2>
</div>
</article>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class=”nav-3rd-col col-n”>
<h4>PUBLICATION</h4>
<article>
<div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications/fair-observer-monthly-september-2026/”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Sept-Book-Cover-2026-225×290.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer Monthly: September 2026″
width=”225″ height=”290″ />
</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>

<!– donate banner –>
<div class=”menu-donate”>
<div class=”menu-donate-content”>
<h2>Support Fair Observer</h2>
<p>We rely on your support for our independence, diversity and quality.</p>
</div>
<div class=”menu-donate-btn”>
<a class=”site-btn” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/donate/”>Donate</a>
</div>
</div>
<!– End donate banner –>

</div>
</div>
<div class=”fo-HeaderNavigation-Overlay”></div>
</nav>
<!– end navigation –>
<div class=”container d-flex flex-wrap align-item-center justify-space-between pos-r”>

<!– left menu and logo –>
<div class=”menu-logo d-flex align-item-center”>
<button class=”fo-header-whitcher”>
<div class=”hamburger-box”>
<div class=”hamburger-inner”></div>
</div>
</button>

</div>

<!–logo–>
<!– <div class=”fo-logo” itemscope itemtype=”http://schema.org/logo”>
<a class=”off_scroll” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fairovserver-logo-red.png”
alt=”Fair Observer Logo” width=”250″ height=”56″ title=”Fair Observer Logo” /></a>
</div> –>

<!– PNG fallback for Safari / old browsers –>
<img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fairovserver-logo-red.png”
alt=”Fair Observer Logo”
width=”250″
height=”56″
loading=”eager”
decoding=”async”>
</picture>
</a>
</div>

<!–search and button–>
<div class=”fo-search-button-row d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between align-item-center pos-r”>

<li class=”fo-donatebtn”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/donate”><span>Donate</span> </a>

</li>

</ul>
</div>

</div>

</div>
</header>

<!– <div class=”back-newsletter”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/newsletters/fowednesday/”>Back to fowednesday</a>
</div> –>
<article id=”post-165035″ class=”post-165035 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-middle_east_north_africa category-politics category-united-states tag-gulf-states-iran tag-iran-air-power tag-iran_nuclear_deal tag-iran-nuclear-enrichment tag-iran-strait-control tag-iran-us-war tag-middle-east-war tag-nuclear-program-negotiations tag-strait-of-hormuz tag-trump-electoral-strategy tag-trump-foreign-policy tag-trump-iran-proposal tag-us-congressional-elections tag-us-iran-conflict tag-us-iran-tensions-2 tag-us-military-strategy pmpro-has-access entry”>

<div class=”fo-wednseday sep-newsletter”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-wednesday1.png” alt=””>
<div class=”posted-on-single-post newsletter-date”>
Saturday, October 24, 2026 </div>
</div>
<header class=”entry-header”>
<!– category name –>

Middle East & North Africa
</a>
</span>

<!– End category name –>

<h1 class=”entry-title”>Entrenched US and Iranian Strategies Make Renewed War Inevitable</h1><div class=’post-summary’ data-ai-cite=”true” role=”doc-abstract”>US President Donald Trump predictably rejected Iran’s conditional proposal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, but the move clearly signaled Tehran’s willingness to negotiate. Both nations remain trapped in a destructive cycle of mutual distrust, betting that endurance and pain tolerance will ultimately determine victory. Without a strategic reassessment, renewed fighting appears increasingly inevitable and will benefit neither side.</div>

<!– Authors name –>
<!– <div class=”single-authors”>By <span id=”authorname”></span></div> –>
<!– End Authors name –>

<div class=”posted-on-single-post” style=”display:none”>
Saturday, October 24, 2026 </div>

</header>
<!– .entry-header –>

<div class=”post-thumbnail”>
<img width=”980″ height=”653″ src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/USIran.jpg” class=”attachment-twentyseventeen-featured-image size-twentyseventeen-featured-image wp-post-image” alt=”Entrenched US and Iranian Strategies Make Renewed War Inevitable” decoding=”async” fetchpriority=”high” srcset=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/USIran.jpg 980w, https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/USIran-300×200.jpg 300w, https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/USIran-150×100.jpg 150w” sizes=”(max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px” style=”width:100%;height:66.63%;max-width:980px;” loading=”eager” /> <p class=”caption”>
Via Shutterstock. </p>
</div>
<!– .post-thumbnail –>

<div class=”entry-meta”>
<div style=”flex-direction: column;” class=”author-img “>
<div class=”d-flex align-item-center” style=”flex-direction: column;”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/james-dorsey/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/James-M.-Dorsey-100×100.jpeg” width=”40″ height=”40″ /></a>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fmiddle_east_north_africa%2Fentrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies-make-renewed-war-inevitable%2F” class=”follow-btn-login ” style=””><i class=”bi bi-plus”></i> Follow</a> </div>

</div>
<div class=”date-author-single-post list-date-author-single-post”>
<div style=”display:none” class=”byline-single-post multiauthor”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/james-dorsey”>James M. Dorsey</a> </div>
<div class=”author-twitter-src”><a href=”https://twitter.com/@mideastsoccer” rel=”nofollow” target=”_blank”>@mideastsoccer</a></div>

<div class=”social_medai_share”>
<h5>SHARE</h5>
<div class=”social_medai_share”>
<div class=”vid-page top-social-icon”>
<div id=”crestashareiconincontent” class=”cresta-share-icon first_style”>
<div class=”sbutton crestaShadow facebook-cresta-share” id=”facebook-cresta-c”>
<a rel=”nofollow” href=”https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/entrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies-make-renewed-war-inevitable/”
title=”Share to Facebook” onclick=”window.open(this.href, ‘targetWindow’, ‘toolbars=0,location=0,status=0,menubar=0,scrollbars=1,resizable=1,width=640,height=320,left=200,top=200’);
return false;”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”facebook-f”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-facebook-f fa-w-10″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”
viewBox=”0 0 320 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z”>
</path>
</svg>
</a>
</div>

<!– <div class=”sbutton crestaShadow facebook-cresta-share” id=”massanger-cresta-c”>
<a href=”fb-messenger://share/?link=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/entrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies-make-renewed-war-inevitable/&app_id=916184228770270″>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”facebook-messenger” class=”svg-inline–fa fa-facebook-messenger fa-w-16″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 512 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor” d=”M256.55 8C116.52 8 8 110.34 8 248.57c0 72.3 29.71 134.78 78.07 177.94 8.35 7.51 6.63 11.86 8.05 58.23A19.92 19.92 0 0 0 122 502.31c52.91-23.3 53.59-25.14 62.56-22.7C337.85 521.8 504 423.7 504 248.57 504 110.34 396.59 8 256.55 8zm149.24 185.13l-73 115.57a37.37 37.37 0 0 1-53.91 9.93l-58.08-43.47a15 15 0 0 0-18 0l-78.37 59.44c-10.46 7.93-24.16-4.6-17.11-15.67l73-115.57a37.36 37.36 0 0 1 53.91-9.93l58.06 43.46a15 15 0 0 0 18 0l78.41-59.38c10.44-7.98 24.14 4.54 17.09 15.62z”></path>
</svg>
</a>
</div> –>

<!– <div class=”sbutton crestaShadow whatsapp-cresta-share” id=”whatsapp-cresta-c”>
<a href=”whatsapp://send?text=Entrenched+US+and+Iranian+Strategies+Make+Renewed+War+Inevitable – https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/entrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies-make-renewed-war-inevitable/” data-action=”share/whatsapp/share”>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”fab” data-icon=”whatsapp” class=”svg-inline–fa fa-whatsapp fa-w-14″ role=”img” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 448 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor” d=”M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7.9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z”></path>
</svg>
</a>
</div> –>

<!– <div class=”bookmark”>
<div class=”sbutton crestaShadow bookmark-cresta-share” id=”bookmark-cresta-c”>
<div class=”nonmember-bookmark-tag”>
<span id=”trigger-modal” class=”bookmarkspan” title=”Click to bookmark “>
<a>
<svg aria-hidden=”true” focusable=”false” data-prefix=”far” data-icon=”bookmark”
class=”svg-inline–fa fa-bookmark fa-w-12″ role=”img”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 384 512″>
<path fill=”currentColor”
d=”M336 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v464l192-112 192 112V48c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 428.43l-144-84-144 84V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h276c3.314 0 6 2.683 6 5.996V428.43z”>
</path>
</svg>
</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>

<div class=”view-bookmark-list-button” style=”display: none”>
<h2>Saved Successfully.</h2>
<p>This article saved into your bookmarks. Click here to view your bookmarks. </p>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/cbxbookmark/” target=”_blank” class=””>
<span> My Bookmarks</span>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/external-link-icon-white.png”
alt=”” style=”width: 20px”>

</a>
</div>
</div> –>

<!– <div class=”sbutton crestaShadow email-cresta-share” id=”email-cresta-c”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/entrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies-make-renewed-war-inevitable/”>
<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” height=”1em” viewBox=”0 0 512 512″> –>
<!–! Font Awesome Free 6.4.0 by @fontawesome – https://fontawesome.com License – https://fontawesome.com/license (Commercial License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc. –>
<!– <path d=”M307 34.8c-11.5 5.1-19 16.6-19 29.2v64H176C78.8 128 0 206.8 0 304C0 417.3 81.5 467.9 100.2 478.1c2.5 1.4 5.3 1.9 8.1 1.9c10.9 0 19.7-8.9 19.7-19.7c0-7.5-4.3-14.4-9.8-19.5C108.8 431.9 96 414.4 96 384c0-53 43-96 96-96h96v64c0 12.6 7.4 24.1 19 29.2s25 3 34.4-5.4l160-144c6.7-6.1 10.6-14.7 10.6-23.8s-3.8-17.7-10.6-23.8l-160-144c-9.4-8.5-22.9-10.6-34.4-5.4z” />
</svg>
</a>
</div> –>

</div>
</div>
</div> </div>

</div>
</div><!– .entry-meta –>
<div class=”entry-content-right”>

<div class=”date-time-bookmark d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between border-bottom”>
<div class=”posted-on-single-post”>
October 24, 2026 05:33 EDT
</div>
<div class=”new_icons_wrap”>
<!– Comment button –>
<div class=”article_comment_icon”>
<a href=”javascript:void(0);” id=”scrollToComments”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/comment-badge.svg”
width=”24″ height=”24″ alt=” user comment feature”>
</a>
<div class=”tooltip”>Check out our comment feature!</div>
</div>

<div class=”bookmark”>
<div class=”sbutton crestaShadow bookmark-cresta-share” id=”bookmark-cresta-c”>
<div class=”nonmember-bookmark-tag”>
<span id=”trigger-modal” class=”bookmarkspan” title=”Click to bookmark “>
<a><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/bookmark-off.svg”
width=”24″ height=”25″ alt=”visitor can bookmark”></a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<!– Add the new button for viewing bookmark list –>
<div class=”view-bookmark-list-button” style=”display: none”>
<h2>Saved Successfully.</h2>
<p>This article saved into your bookmarks. Click here to view your bookmarks. </p>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/cbxbookmark/” target=”_blank” class=””>
<span> My Bookmarks</span>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/external-link-icon-white.png”
alt=”” style=”width: 20px”>

</a>
</div>
</div>

<!– Print button –>
<div id=”printButton” title=”Print this article”>
<a href=”javascript:void(0);”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/foicon-v1_print.svg”
width=”24″ height=”25″ alt=”print article page”>
</a>
</div>
</div>

// Print functionality
document.getElementById(‘printButton’).addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
window.print(); // Trigger the browser’s print functionality
});
</script>
</div>
<div class=”entry-content full_post abcd”>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>US President Donald Trump’s <a href=”https://edition.cnn.com/2026/09/26/middleeast/trump-rejects-iran-proposal-hormuz-intl” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>rejection</a> of Iran’s proposal to conditionally open the Strait of Hormuz is no surprise. In fact, Iran likely expected Mr. Trump to reject it, although the Islamic Republic <a href=”https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/iran-has-suggested-a-deal-to-reopen-the-strait-of-hormuz-in-7-days” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>sweetened</a> the proposal by envisioning a quick return of relatively free navigation through the waterway and an almost immediate negotiation of its nuclear program.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>Even so, the proposal served Iran’s purpose. By offering the proposal, Iran projected itself to audiences at home, in the United States and across the globe as the more flexible party willing to return to the negotiating table.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>The problem is that there is no chance for constructive negotiation as long as both the Trump administration and Iran refuse to budge from their fundamental positions and strategy since the initial US-Israeli attack on Iran on February 28. If there is one thing Iran and the United States agree on, it’s the belief that the party with the longer breath and the greater ability to suffer pain will ultimately emerge as a winner.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>Iran and the Trump administration’s deep distrust of one another reinforces a strategy by both the administration and the Islamic Republic that is centered on securing outcomes upfront and on defeating the other. In doing so, the administration and Iran misread each other’s calculations, risking another round of fighting that both increasingly see as inevitable and expect to strengthen their negotiating position.</p>

<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>The election gamble</h2>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>The US Congressional midterm elections on November 3 are one core element of the misreading. Iran appears to believe that widespread US popular opposition to the war, higher gasoline and diesel prices, and Mr. Trump’s poor performance ratings put pressure on the president in advance of the elections. The question is whether it does, despite Mr. Trump’s endorsement of candidates and campaigning on behalf of the Republican Party.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>More often than not, Mr. Trump has <a href=”https://www.ms.now/rachel-maddow-show/after-saying-he-was-the-ballot-trump-insists-he-wasnt-the-ballot-msna1166706″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>suggested</a> that electoral concerns are not his top priority, arguing that he is not on the ballot. The president has insisted that temporarily higher gasoline prices were a <a href=”https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/rising-gas-prices-frustrate-voters-trump-says-its-an-inexpensive-price-to-pay-for-the-iran-war” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>small price</a> for Americans to pay to ensure that Iran will never be able to develop a nuclear weapon. Moreover, rather than working toward an end to the war before the election, Mr. Trump is promising an end after the election.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>Underlying Mr. Trump’s approach is his misreading of his presidential powers, the powers of his office, and his belief that bullying, coercion, military force and economic strangulation will ultimately produce results.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>For its part, Iran is betting on the maxim that air power alone is not enough to secure victory and that Mr. Trump does not have the stomach to put boots on the ground. Leaving aside Iran’s taking note of US concerns that the military has already <a href=”https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/the-u-s-is-burning-through-its-supply-of-interceptors-to-counter-irans-attacks-f42c5ecd” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>used much</a> of its ammunition and air defense stockpiles, Iranian officials believe that they would have the upper hand in a ground war, given that Iranian forces would be fighting on their own territory and are more capable of suffering a large number of casualties.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>Moreover, Iran sees the war’s impact on global markets and Gulf state economies and its ability to increase the pain as a United States and Gulf state vulnerability. As a result, by approaching their differences as a zero-sum game and insisting that they will not surrender perceived levers of leverage, both the United States and Iran miss opportunities to create off-ramps.</p>

<h2 class=”wp-block-heading”>A rethink of strategies</h2>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>Iran’s insistence on permanent control of the Strait of Hormuz has prevented the Islamic Republic from reaching an agreement with Oman that is acceptable to Gulf states for both a temporary reopening of the Strait of Hormuz and its post-war status.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>Similarly, Iran could have boosted the chances of Mr. Trump accepting its most recent proposal to open the Strait had it accompanied its willingness to speed up negotiations on its nuclear program with unambiguous language specifying what it is willing to do and what not. Instead, a senior Iranian official insisted that Iran would show <a href=”https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-will-make-no-nuclear-concessions-iranian-official-says-2026-09-25/?lctg=69b2e49200333b56fb00a076&user_email=3003905266696e13ec39d066dff0844909c36ef5636230da9d6bdb6b288f3515″ target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>no flexibility</a> over its nuclear program even if the United States accepts its proposal.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>The official could have reiterated Iran’s position in past negotiations that it would agree to suspend but not surrender its right to enrich uranium at agreed levels and stockpile it in Iran under supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Similarly, Mr. Trump could have sought to inspire confidence by applying a universal standard to nuclear programs in Iran and Saudi Arabia rather than agreeing with the kingdom on terms that are far more <a href=”https://responsiblestatecraft.org/trump-saudi-nuclear-deal/” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”>permissive</a>.</p>

<h2>We’re independent, nonprofit and powered by <strong>3,000+ voices</strong> from around the world — not billionaires or governments. Enjoy real journalism, sign up for our free newsletters.</h2>
</div>
<div class=”signup-popup”>
<div class=”signup-innersection”>
<form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””>
<div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”>
<div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=”” placeholder=”Enter your email address” onfocus=”this.placeholder=”” onblur=”this.placeholder=’Enter your email address'”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”amp” value=”1″>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”>
<div class=”cpf-checkbox”>
<input type=”checkbox” name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy” id=”privacy-policy” value=”true” onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)” required=””><label for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy/”>Privacy Policy</a> and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a> for further information…</label>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”>Without Iranian and US willingness to rethink their strategies, the prospect looms ever larger of a renewed round of fighting that may not bring the warring parties any closer to a resolution.</p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”><em>[</em><a href=”https://jamesmdorsey.substack.com/p/entrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies?utm_campaign=email-half-post&r=153zm&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>The Turbulent World</em></a> <em>first published this piece on September 27, 2026.]</em></p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”><em>[</em><a href=”https://www.linkedin.com/in/kaitlyn-diana-aab997278/?isSelfProfile=true” target=”_blank” rel=”noreferrer noopener nofollow”><em>Kaitlyn Diana edited</em></a> <em>this piece.]</em></p>

<p class=”wp-block-paragraph”><strong>The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.</strong></p>
</div>
<!– .entry-content –>

<!– comment section –>

<div class=”comments-wrapper” id=”comments-wrapper”>
<div class=”headline hide-on-print border-bottom marb30″><h2>Comment</h2></div><style id=”fo-private-comments”>#wpdcom #wpd-threads{display:none!important;}</style> <div class=”wpdiscuz_top_clearing”></div>
<div id=’comments’ class=’comments-area’><div id=’respond’ style=’width: 0;height: 0;clear: both;margin: 0;padding: 0;’></div> <div id=”wpdcom” class=”wpdiscuz_unauth wpd-default wpd-layout-1 wpd-comments-open”>
<div class=”wc_social_plugin_wrapper”>
</div>
<div class=”wpd-form-wrap”>
<div class=”wpd-form-head”>
<div class=”wpd-auth”>
<div class=”wpd-login”>
<a rel = “nofollow” href = “https://www.fairobserver.com/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fmiddle_east_north_africa%2Fentrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies-make-renewed-war-inevitable%2F%23comments-wrapper”><i class=”fas fa-sign-in-alt”></i> Login</a> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div
class=”wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-main-form-wrapper” id=’wpd-main-form-wrapper-0_0′>
</div>
<div id=”wpdiscuz_hidden_secondary_form” style=”display: none;”>
<div
class=”wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-secondary-form-wrapper” id=’wpd-secondary-form-wrapper-wpdiscuzuniqueid’ style=’display: none;’>
<div class=”wpd-secondary-forms-social-content”></div>
<div class=”clearfix”></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class=”wpd-login-to-comment”>Please login to comment</div>
</div>

</div>
</div>
<div id=”wpdiscuz-loading-bar”
class=”wpdiscuz-loading-bar-unauth”></div>
<div id=”wpdiscuz-comment-message”
class=”wpdiscuz-comment-message-unauth”></div>
</div>

<div id=”comment-guidelines-modal” style=”display:none; position:fixed; top:5%; left:50%; transform:translateX(-50%);
background:#fff; padding:20px; border:2px solid #1d2a99; z-index:9999; max-width:900px; width: 100%”>
<h3 style=”font-size: 28px”>Commenting Guidelines</h3>
<p style=”font-size: 18px”>Please read our commenting guidelines</a> before commenting.</p>

<hr>
<div style=”margin-top:15px; text-align:left; font-size: 19px; max-height: 60vh; overflow: auto”>
<p><strong>1. Be Respectful</strong>: Please be polite to the author. Avoid hostility. The whole point of Fair Observer is openness to different perspectives from perspectives from around the world.</p>
<p><strong>2. Comment Thoughtfully</strong>: Please be relevant and constructive. We do not allow personal attacks, disinformation or trolling. We will remove hate speech or incitement.</p>
<p><strong>3. Contribute Usefully</strong>: Add something of value — a point of view, an argument, a personal experience or a relevant link if you are citing statistics and key facts.
</p>
</div>
<div style=”margin: 20px 0;”>
<label style=”font-size: 18px;”>
<input type=”checkbox” id=”guideline-agree-checkbox” style=”transform: scale(1.2); margin-right: 8px;” />
I have read and agree to the above commenting guidelines.
</label>
</div>

<!– warning message –>
<p id=”guideline-warning” style=”display: none; color: red; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 10px;”>
Please agree to the guidelines before proceeding.
</p>

<button class=”wpuf-submit-button” id=”proceed-to-login” style=”margin-right:10px; display: inline-block”>I
Agree, Proceed to Login</button>
<button
style=”padding: 8px 18px; background: var(–blue-color); font-family: var(–second-font); border-radius: 36px; font-size: 20px; gap: 5px; color: white; border: none ”
id=”cancel-login-modal”>Cancel</button>
</div>
<div id=”guideline-modal-overlay”
style=”display:none; position:fixed; top:0; left:0; width:100%; height:100%; background:#00000066; z-index:9998;”>
</div>

// Show modal on login click
if (loginTrigger) {
loginTrigger.addEventListener(‘click’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
loginUrl = this.getAttribute(‘data-login-url’);
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘block’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘block’;
});
}

const warningText = document.getElementById(‘guideline-warning’);

// Enable/disable the proceed button based on checkbox
guidelineCheckbox.addEventListener(‘change’, function () {
warningText.style.display = ‘none’; // Hide warning on change
});

// Proceed to login
proceedBtn.addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
if (guidelineCheckbox.checked) {
warningText.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘none’;
window.location.href = loginUrl;
} else {
warningText.style.display = ‘block’;
// Optional: shake animation or scroll to warning
guidelineModal.scrollTo({ top: modal.scrollHeight, behavior: ‘smooth’ });
}
});

// Close modal on cancel button
cancelBtn.addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineCheckbox.checked = false;
// proceedBtn.disabled = true;
});

// Close modal when clicking outside
guidelineOverlay.addEventListener(‘click’, function () {
guidelineModal.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineOverlay.style.display = ‘none’;
guidelineCheckbox.checked = false;
// proceedBtn.disabled = true;
});
});
</script>

<!– end comment section –>

<div class=”related_post_data” loading=”lazy”>
<div class=”headline hide-on-print border-bottom marb30″><h2>Related Reading</h2></div>

<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/ethnic-strife-looms-large-as-trumps-weighs-options-in-iran/”>
Ethnic Strife Looms Large As Trump’s Weighs Options In Iran </a>
</h2>
<p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”>
Recently, Shiite clerics in Bahrain were arrested, while Baloch and Kurdish religious figures were assassinated in Iran. These events risk… </p>
<span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/james-dorsey”>James M. Dorsey</a>,
<span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished”
content=”October 14, 2026″>
October 14, 2026 </span>
</span>
</div>
<div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/ethnic-strife-looms-large-as-trumps-weighs-options-in-iran/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Flags-of-US-and-Iran-500×281.jpg”
alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”500″ height=”281″/></a>
</div>
</article>

<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/closing-hormuz-cost-iran-more-than-it-bought/”>
Closing Hormuz Cost Iran More Than It Bought </a>
</h2>
<p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”>
For four decades, Iran repeatedly threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz without following through, until February 2026. Before February,… </p>
<span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/harshit-singh”>Harshit Singh</a> & <a href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/author/khagemba-chingakham’>Khagemba Chingakham</a>,
<span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished”
content=”September 20, 2026″>
September 20, 2026 </span>
</span>
</div>
<div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/closing-hormuz-cost-iran-more-than-it-bought/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/aircraft-carrier-500×281.jpg”
alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”500″ height=”281″/></a>
</div>
</article>

<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/united-states/us-vs-iran-battle-of-wills-in-the-gulf/”>
US vs. Iran: Battle of Wills in the Gulf </a>
</h2>
<p class=”mart5 marb0″ itemprop=”description”>
The Iran War has inflicted severe economic pain on Iran and political strain on the United States after six months…. </p>
<span itemprop=”author” class=”fo-author fo-author-light d-in-block”>by
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/author/gary-grappo”>Gary Grappo</a>,
<span class=”post-date” itemprop=”datePublished”
content=”September 10, 2026″>
September 10, 2026 </span>
</span>
</div>
<div class=”fo-post-img”>
<a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/united-states/us-vs-iran-battle-of-wills-in-the-gulf/”><img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/US-Iran-1-500×281.jpg”
alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”500″ height=”281″/></a>
</div>
</article>

</div>

<div class=”response_section”>
<div class=”response_content single-support”>
<h3>Support Fair Observer</h3>
<p>We rely on your support for our independence, diversity and quality.</p>

<p>For more than 10 years, Fair Observer has been free, fair and independent. No billionaire
owns us, no advertisers control us. We are a reader-supported nonprofit. Unlike many other
publications, we keep our content free for readers regardless of where they live or whether
they can afford to pay. We have no paywalls and no ads.</p>
<p>In the post-truth era of fake news, echo chambers and filter bubbles, we publish a plurality
of perspectives from around the world. Anyone can publish with us, but everyone goes through
a rigorous editorial process. So, you get fact-checked, well-reasoned content instead of
noise. </p>
<p>We publish 3,000+ voices from 90+ countries. We also conduct education and training programs
on subjects ranging from digital media and journalism to writing and critical thinking. This
doesn’t come cheap. Servers, editors, trainers and web developers cost
money.<br><span>Please consider supporting us on a regular basis as a recurring donor or a
sustaining member.</span></p>

<div class=”other_donation_amount_section” style=”display: none;”>
<span class=”input-icon”>$</span>
<input type=”text” id=”other_amount_pay”
onfocus=”this.placeholder=””
onblur=”this.placeholder=’Other Amount'”
oninput=”this.value = this.value.replace(/D/g, ”).replace(/^0+/, ”)”
class=”other_donation_amount”
value=””
placeholder=”Other Amount”>
</div>
</div>
<input type=”submit” value=”$111 / Year” id=”open-donation-popup-btn” name=”anywhere-donation-submit”>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<span>
The IRS recognizes Fair Observer as a section 501(c)(3) registered public charity
(EIN: 46-4070943), enabling you to claim a tax deduction.</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>

</div>
<div class=”si-emailnewsletetr-support”>
<div class=”emailnewsletter”>
<div class=”fo-right-col”>
<div class=”fo-mobile-view-content padb20″>
<h2>Make Sense of the World</h2>
<p>Unique Insights from 3,000+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</p>
</div>
<div class=”fp-signup-popup”>
<div class=”fo-signup-innersection”>
<form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”> <input
type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””>
<div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”>
<div class=”fo-newsletter-block d-flex justify-space-between flex-wrap”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address” onfocus=”this.placeholder=””
onblur=”this.placeholder=’Enter your email address'”>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”>
</div>
<div class=”fo-cpf-checkbox d-flex”> <input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand
that I
may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a>
and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a>
for further
information .</label></div>

</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<!– <div class=”support-fo-right”>
<div class=”sfr-left”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/support-fo.jpg” alt=”Support Fair Observer” width=”160″ height=”219″>
</div>
<div class=”sfr-right”>
<h3>Support Fair Observer by becoming a sustaining member</h3>
<a class=”btn-red” href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/membership-account/membership-levels/”>Become a
Member <svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” height=”1em”
viewBox=”0 0 512 512″>
<path
d=”M470.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L402.7 256 265.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160zm-352 160l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L210.7 256 73.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0z” />
</svg></a>
</div>
</div> –>
</div>
</article>

<div class=”signup-popup square-email-box n-email-popup light-pink em-popup-block”>
<div class=”modal-content modal-content-email-box”>
<div class=”close-em-popup”><img src=”https://fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-em.png” alt=”FO”/></div>
<div class=”display-flex”>
<div class=”mobile-view-content”>
<h2>No owners, no ads, just global voices and first class editors. We’re a nonprofit that puts real journalism first. Join us — subscribe to our free newsletters — now.</h2>
</div>
<div class=”signup-popup”>
<div class=”signup-innersection”>
<form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””>
<div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”>
<div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=”” placeholder=”Enter your email address” onfocus=”this.placeholder=”” onblur=”this.placeholder=’Enter your email address'”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”amp” value=”1″>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”>
<div class=”cpf-checkbox”>
<input type=”checkbox” name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy” id=”privacy-policy” value=”true” onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)” required=””><label for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy/”>Privacy Policy</a> and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a> for further information…</label>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

jQuery(‘#trigger-modal ,#trigger-modal2’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#modal’).show();
});

jQuery(‘.x’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#screen, #modal’).hide();
});

var authorname = jQuery(‘.multiauthor’).html();
jQuery(‘#authorname’).html(authorname);

});

document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, function () {
let shown = sessionStorage.getItem(“newsletter_popup_shown”);
let popupTriggered = false;

// Function to show the popup
function scrollTriggerNewsletter() {
let scrollPercent = window.scrollY / (document.body.scrollHeight – window.innerHeight);
if (scrollPercent > 0.3 && !popupTriggered && !shown) {
popupTriggered = true;
sessionStorage.setItem(“newsletter_popup_shown”, “1”);

const popup = document.querySelector(‘.em-popup-single-post’);
if (popup) {
popup.style.display = ‘flex’; // or ‘block’ depending on CSS
}
}
}

// Attach scroll listener
window.addEventListener(“scroll”, scrollTriggerNewsletter);

// Close button logic
document.addEventListener(“click”, function (e) {
if (e.target.closest(‘.close-em-popup’)) {
const popup = document.querySelector(‘.em-popup-single-post’);
if (popup) {
popup.style.display = ‘none’;
}
}
});
});

</script>

</main><!– #main –>
</div><!– #primary –>
</div><!– .wrap –>

<!–footer–>
<div class=”address_for_inovice”>
<!– dont remove this its for print –>
<p> </p>
Fair Observer, 461 Harbor Blvd, Belmont, CA 94002, USA
</div>
<footer class=”mart70 fo-black-bg padt50 padb30″>
<div class=”container”>
<!– end subscribe publish donate tab –>
<!– menu –>
<div class=”d-flex flex-wrap justify-space-between fo-menu-block”>
<div class=”nav-first-col col-n”>
<h4>Sections</h4>
<div class=”first-n-col”>
<div class=”first-menu-col”>
<ul class=”list-style-none”>
<li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/politics/”>Politics</a></li>
<li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/economics/”>Economics & Finance</a></li>
<li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/business/”>Business &
Entrepreneurship</a></li>
<li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/culture/”>Art & Culture</a></li>
<li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/more/science/”>Science & Technology</a>
</li>
<li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/more/environment/”>Environment & Climate
Change</a></li>

<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-leaders-news”>World Leaders</a>
</li>

<li><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news”>World</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class=”list-style-none”>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/american-news/”>The Americas</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/europe/”>Europe</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/middle_east_north_africa/”>Middle
East & North Africa</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/africa/”>Africa</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/region/asia_pacific/”>Asia</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/united-states”>United States</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news/india-news”>India</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/world-news/china-news”>China</a> </li>
</ul>
<ul class=”list-style-none”>

<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/russian-newsrussia-news”>Russia</a>
</li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/events”>Events</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publications”>Publications</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/authors”>Authors</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/about”>About</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/publish”>Publish</a> </li>
<li> <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/contact”>Contact</a> </li>
<li class=”fo-login-link ttp”> <a href=”#”>
<span>Login</span> </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class=”nav-2n-col col-n”>
<div class=”nav-post”>
<article>
<div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-fall-of-the-ottoman-empire/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/post-thumb-fall-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”80″
height=”80″ /></a></div>
<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/multimedia/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>MULTIMEDIA</a></h3>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/interactive/the-fall-of-the-ottoman-empire/”
rel=”bookmark” title=”Permanent Link to The Fall of the Ottoman Empire”>
The Fall of the Ottoman Empire </a>
</h2>
</div>
</article>
</div>

<article>
<div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/middle-east-news/fo-talks-us-western-allies-will-always-prevent-iran-from-making-the-nuclear-bomb/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/US-Western-Allies-Will-Always-Prevent-Iran-From-Making-the-Nuclear-Bomb-FO°-Talks-80×80.jpeg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”80″
height=”80″ /></a></div>
<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/video/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>VIDEOS</a></h3>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/middle-east-news/fo-talks-us-western-allies-will-always-prevent-iran-from-making-the-nuclear-bomb/”
rel=”bookmark” title=”Permanent Link to FO° Talks: US, Western Allies Will Always Prevent Iran From Making the Nuclear Bomb”>
FO° Talks: US, Western Allies Will Always Prevent Iran From Making the Nuclear Bomb </a>
</h2>
</div>
</article>

</div>

<div class=”nav-post”>
<article>
<div class=”fo-post-img”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-canadas-untold-role-in-modern-conflicts/”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/aa-80×80.jpg” alt=”Fair Observer” title=”” width=”80″
height=”80″ /></a></div>
<div class=”fo-post-content”>
<h3><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/category/podcasts/” rel=”bookmark”
title=””>PODCASTS</a></h3>
<h2 itemprop=”name” class=”fo-post-title”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/podcasts/fo-podcasts-canadas-untold-role-in-modern-conflicts/”
rel=”bookmark” title=”Permanent Link to FO Podcasts: Canada’s Untold Role in Modern Conflicts”>
FO Podcasts: Canada’s Untold Role in Modern Conflicts </a>
</h2>
</div>
</article>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>

<!–end footer email newsletter–>

<!–footer bottom –>

</div>

<div class=”fo-copyright”>
© Fair Observer All rights reserved
<div class=”cre”>
Designed, Developed and Maintained by <a href=”https://www.netleon.com” rel=”dofollow”
target=”_blank”>Netleon IT Solutions</a>
</div>
</div>

<!– endfooter bottom –>

<!– Contact us form –>

</div>
</footer>

<div id=”modal” class=”popup_loginmodel bookmark-full-cover” style=”display: none;”>
<div class=”popup_container dm-fo-login-box”>
<div class=”subscribe-popup-content”>
<h3>BOOKMARK</h3>
</div>
<div class=”bookmarking_text”>
<div class=”headingTitle”>Want to save this post?</div>

</div>

<div class=”button_subscribe registrbtn”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fmiddle_east_north_africa%2Fentrenched-us-and-iranian-strategies-make-renewed-war-inevitable%2F”>Click to
Login</a></div>

<!– FIXED FOOTER (SUPPORT JOURNALISM) –>
<footer id=”fixed-footer” class=”support-footer”>
<div class=”container justify-right”>
<div class=”icons-wrap”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-round-logo.png”
class=”logo-footer-img” width=”40″ height=”40″ />
<a href=”javascript:void(0);” class=”close-footer-btn”><img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-footer-icon.png” width=”15″ height=”15″ /></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class=”container”>
<div class=”center-column”>
<h2>Support
<span> independent,</span> crowdsourced, nonprofit
<span>journalism. </span>
</h2>
<p>Fair Observer is a 501(c)(3) independent nonprofit. We are not owned by billionaires or controlled by
advertisers. We publish nearly 3,000 authors from over 90 countries after fact-checking and editing each
piece. We do not have a paywall and anyone can read us for free. With your vital donations, we can
continue
to do our work. </p><p>Please make a recurring (or even one-time) donation today. <span> Even $1 goes a long way</span> because
a
million donors
like you mean one million dollars. Thank you for keeping us independent, free and fair.
</p>
<div class=”form-wrap” id=”footer-donation-form-popup”>
<form method=”get” class=”form-wrap” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/donate”>
<input type=”hidden” value=”yearly” name=”selected-contribution-type” id=”cycle”>
<input type=”hidden” value=”111″ name=”selected-amount” id=”amount”>

<div class=”d-flex”>
<span class=”cycle-btn” data-value=”one-time”>One Time</span>
<span class=”cycle-btn ” data-value=”monthly”> Monthly</span>
<span class=”cycle-btn active” data-value=”yearly”>Yearly</span>
</div>
<div class=”d-flex amount-buttons”>
<!– <span class=”amount-btn active” data-value=”5″>$5</span>
<span class=”amount-btn” data-value=”9″>$9</span> –>
<!– <span class=”amount-btn” data-value=”50″>$50</span> –>
</div>
<input type=”text” class=”custom_amount” placeholder=”Other”>
<div class=”button-wrap”>
<button type=”submit” class=”btn-continue”>Continue <img
src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/arrow-footer.png” width=”27″ height=”20″ /></button>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/payment-card.jpg” width=”202″ height=”28″ />
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>

<!– Login popup –>

<!– Dynamic Content –>
<div id=”popup-content”>
<!– Login Form (Default View) –>
<div id=”login-form” class=”popup-form”>
<h3>Sign into your Fair Observer Account</h3>
<div class=”tml tml-login”>
<div class=”tml-alerts”></div><form name=”login” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/” method=”post” data-ajax=”1″>
<div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-log-wrap”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”user_login”>Username or Email Address</label>
<input name=”log” type=”text” value=”” id=”user_login” autocapitalize=”off” class=”tml-field”>
</div>

<div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-pwd-wrap”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”user_pass”>Password</label>
<div class=”tml-pwd”><input name=”pwd” type=”password” value=”” id=”user_pass” class=”tml-field”>
<button type=”button” class=”tml-toggle-pwd” aria-label=”Show password”><span class=”dashicons dashicons-visibility” aria-hidden=”true”></span></button></div>
</div>

<div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-rememberme-wrap”>
<input name=”rememberme” type=”checkbox” value=”forever” id=”rememberme” class=”tml-checkbox”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”rememberme”>Remember Me</label>
</div>

</form>
<ul class=”tml-links”><li class=”tml-lostpassword-link”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/forgot-the-password/”>Lost your password?</a></li></ul></div>

<div>

<a href=”#” class=”text_label switch-form” data-target=”forgot-password-form”>Forgot
Password</a>
</div>
</div>

<!– Forgot Password Form –>
<div id=”forgot-password-form” class=”popup-form” style=”display: none;”>
<div class=”forget-password-before”>
<h3>Forgot Password</h3>
<p>Enter your registered email address or username. You will receive a
link to create a new password via email.</p>
<div class=”tml tml-lostpassword”>
<div class=”tml-alerts”></div><form name=”lostpassword” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/forgot-the-password/” method=”post” data-ajax=”1″>
<div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-message-wrap”>
<p class=”tml-message”>Please enter your username or email address. You will receive an email message with instructions on how to reset your password.</p></div>

<div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-user_login-wrap”>
<label class=”tml-label” for=”user_login”>Username or Email Address</label>
<input name=”user_login” type=”text” value=”” id=”user_login” autocapitalize=”off” class=”tml-field”>
</div>

<div class=”tml-field-wrap tml-submit-wrap”>
<button name=”submit” type=”submit” class=”tml-button”>Get New Password</button>
</div>

</form>
<ul class=”tml-links”><li class=”tml-login-link”><a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/login/”>Log in</a></li></ul></div>

<div class=”not-a-member”>
<div class=”d-flex align-center gap-1″>
<hr class=”w-100″><span class=”text-16 weight-600″>Or</span>
<hr class=”w-100″>
</div>
<a href=”#” class=”switch-form” data-target=”login-form”>Return to
Login</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class=”forget-password-after” style=”display: none;”>
<h3>Forgot Password</h3>
<p>We have sent a link to your registered email address to reset your password.</p>
<i>
<svg viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>

</i>
<a href=”#” class=”primary_action_btn switch-form” data-target=”login-form”>Back to
Login</a>
</div>
</div>

<!– membership Form –>
<div id=”membership-form” class=”popup-form” style=”display: none;”>
<div class=”member-container”>
<h3 class=”large”>Become a Member & Enjoy Exclusive Benefits!</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>

Access to comments feature
</li>
<li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>

Bookmark your favorite articles
</li>
<li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>

Exclusive invitations to FO° Talks & FO° Live
</li>
<li>
<svg width=”16″ height=”16″ viewBox=”0 0 25 24″ fill=”none”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg”>
<circle cx=”12.5″ cy=”12″ r=”12″ fill=”#414141″ />
<path fill-rule=”evenodd” clip-rule=”evenodd”
d=”M9.77728 17.0866L10.1044 17.4393C10.1987 17.5238 10.3405 17.5196 10.4295 17.4231L19.9018 7.21008C19.9903 7.11356 19.9952 6.96069 19.9168 6.85947L19.191 6.07582C19.0966 5.97408 18.9442 5.97408 18.8499 6.07582L10.4295 15.1546C10.3405 15.2511 10.1987 15.2553 10.1044 15.1708L6.12211 10.8779C6.02776 10.7756 5.87582 10.7756 5.78099 10.8779L5.05615 11.6616C4.97679 11.7633 4.98163 11.9162 5.07018 12.0116L9.77534 17.0845L9.77728 17.0866Z”
fill=”white” />
</svg>

Access to all of our e-publications
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<a class=”primary_action_btn”
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/membership-account/membership-levels/”>Explore Membership</a>

<div class=”not-a-member”>
<a href=”#” class=”switch-form” data-target=”login-form”>Return to
Login</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>

jQuery(function ($) {
function updateFooterAmounts(cycle) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .custom_amount”).val(”);
var amountContainer = $(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-buttons”);
amountContainer.empty();

amounts[cycle].forEach(function (amount, index) {
var activeClass = index === 1 ? ‘active’ : ”;
amountContainer.append(‘<span class=”amount-btn ‘ + activeClass + ‘” data-value=”‘ + amount + ‘”>$’ + amount + ‘</span>’);
});

// Set the default selected amount to the second in the list
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #amount”).val(amounts[cycle][1]);

// Reattach event listeners to new amount buttons
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-btn”).on(“click”, function (e) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-btn”).removeClass(“active”);
$(this).addClass(“active”);
var amount = $(this).data(“value”);
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #amount”).val(amount);
});
}

$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .cycle-btn”).on(“click”, function (e) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .cycle-btn”).removeClass(“active”);
$(this).addClass(“active”);
var cycle = $(this).data(“value”);
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #cycle”).val(cycle);
updateFooterAmounts(cycle);
});

$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .custom_amount”).on(“input”, function (e) {
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup .amount-btn”).removeClass(“active”);
var amount = $(this).val();
$(“#footer-donation-form-popup #amount”).val(amount);
});

// Initialize the amounts for the default selected cycle
$(document).ready(function () {
var defaultCycle = $(“#footer-donation-form-popup #cycle”).val();
if (amounts[defaultCycle]) {
updateFooterAmounts(defaultCycle);
} else {
console.log(`Invalid default cycle: ${defaultCycle}`);
}
});

});

jQuery(‘.close-footer-btn’).on(‘click’, function (e) {
e.stopImmediatePropagation();
jQuery(“#fixed-footer”).hide();

jQuery.cookie(“isFooterDonationBannerShow”, new Date().toUTCString(), {
path: ‘/’,
domain: ‘www.fairobserver.com’,
secure: true
});
});
</script>
<!– AMP javascript –>
<script id=”hello-world” type=”text/plain” target=”amp-script” runat=server>

async function demo(){
var initial_position = await document.getElementById(‘amp-textarea’).getBoundingClientRectAsync();
let timer = setInterval( async ()=> {
var current_position = await document.getElementById(‘amp-textarea’).getBoundingClientRectAsync();
if ((Math.ceil(initial_position.top) – Math.ceil(current_position.top)) > 1200){
document.getElementById(‘divToHide’).classList.remove(‘d-none’);
document.getElementById(‘closebtn’).addEventListener(‘click’, ()=>{
document.getElementById(‘divToHide’).classList.add(‘d-none’);
});
clearInterval(timer);
}
},2000);
}
demo();

</script>

<div id=”myModalPopUpsignup” class=”modal signup-wrapper n-email-popup” style=”display: none;”>
<div class=”modal-content” id=”modal-content-signup”>
<div class=”signup-cover”>
<div class=”popup-block-wrp” id=”popup-block-wrp-signup”>
<div class=”subscribe-popup-content”>
<h3>NEWSLETTER</h3>
</div>
<div class=””>
<div class=”headingTitle”>Make Sense of the World</div>
<h2>Unique Insights from 2,500+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</h2>
</div>
<div class=”close close-popup-btn-signup” id=”closebtnsignup”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-icon-n.png” alt=”” width=”24″
height=”24″ />
</div>
<div class=”signup-popup”>
<div class=”signup-innersection”>
<form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription” method=”post”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””>
<div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”>
<div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address”>
<div class=”cpf-checkbox-new”>
<input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand
that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a>
and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a>
for further information.</label>
</div>
<input type=”submit” value=”REGISTER”>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div id=”myModalPopUp” class=”modal signup-wrapper n-email-popup” style=”display: none;”>
<!– Modal content –>
<div class=”modal-content” id=”modal-content-scroll”>
<div class=”modal-cover”>
<div class=”popup-block-wrp”>
<div class=”subscribe-popup-content”>
<h3>NEWSLETTER</h3>
</div>
<div class=””>
<h1>Make Sense of the World</h1>
<h2>Unique Insights from 2,500+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</h2>
</div>
<div class=”close close-popup-btn” id=”closebtn”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/close-icon-n.png” alt=”” width=”24″
height=”24″ />
</div>
<div class=”signup-popup”>
<div class=”signup-innersection”>
<form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription” method=”post”>
<input type=”hidden” name=”nlang” value=””>
<div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”>
<div class=”newsletter-block”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address”>
<div class=”cpf-checkbox-new”>
<input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to it’s Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand
that I may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a>
and <a href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a>
for further information.</label>
</div>
<input type=”submit” value=”REGISTER”>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<!–end footer–>

<!– profile-pic-upload-popup (footer) –>

<div id=”myDiv” class=”fixed-footer-newsletter fixed-f”>
<div class=”fixed-toggle”>
<div class=”container”>
<div class=”up-down-toggle-btn”>
<svg xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2000/svg” viewBox=”0 0 384 512″>
<path
d=”M169.4 342.6c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L192 274.7 54.6 137.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l160 160z” />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class=”container”>
<div class=”fixed-f-left”>
<div class=”logo-newsletter”>
<img src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/fo-icon-logo.png” alt=”Fair observer”>
</div>
<div class=”fixed-f-text”>
<h2>Make Sense of the World</h2>
<p>Unique Insights from 2,500+ Contributors in 90+ Countries</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class=”footer-fixed-form”>
<form method=”post” action=”https://www.fairobserver.com/moosend-subscription”> <input type=”hidden”
name=”nlang” value=””>
<div class=”tnp-field tnp-field-email”>
<div class=”fo-newsletter-block d-flex justify-space-between”>
<input type=”email” name=”user_email” id=”email” required=””
placeholder=”Enter your email address”>
<input type=”submit” value=”SUBSCRIBE”>
</div>
<div class=”fo-cpf-checkbox d-flex”> <input type=”checkbox”
name=”ms-Your_email_will_be_shared_with_fairobserver_and_subject_to_it’s_Privacy_Policy”
id=”privacy-policy” value=”true”
onchange=”document.getElementById(‘privacy-policy-false’).name=(this.checked ? ” : this.name)”
required=””><label
for=”Your email will be shared with fairobserver and subject to its Privacy Policy”>I
agree to receive emails and other content from Fair Observer. I understand that I
may repeal my consent at any time. You can review our <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/privacy-policy”>Privacy Policy</a> and <a
href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/terms-of-use/”>Terms of Use</a> for further
information .</label></div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>

// Load scripts on user interaction
document.addEventListener(‘scroll’, function () {
loadScript(‘https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-CR9LKERGW0’, function () {
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); }
gtag(‘js’, new Date());
gtag(‘config’, ‘G-CR9LKERGW0’);
});

// Remove the event listener after loading
document.removeEventListener(‘scroll’, arguments.callee);
});
</script>

<!– Google Tag Manager –>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, l, i) {
w[l] = w[l] || [];
w[l].push({
‘gtm.start’: new Date().getTime(),
event: ‘gtm.js’
});
var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j = d.createElement(s),
dl = l != ‘dataLayer’ ? ‘&l=’ + l : ”;
j.async = true;
j.src =
‘https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=’ + i + dl;
f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f);
})(window, document, ‘script’, ‘dataLayer’, ‘GTM-PLZSZQV’);
</script>
<!– Google Tag Manager (noscript) –>
<noscript><iframe src=”https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PLZSZQV” height=”0″ width=”0″
style=”display:none;visibility:hidden”></iframe></noscript>
<!– End Google Tag Manager (noscript) –>

<!– Print css–>
<link href=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/css/print.css?v=2.3″ rel=”stylesheet” media=”print” />

<a id=”wt-cli-privacy-save-btn” role=”button” tabindex=”0″ data-cli-action=”accept” class=”wt-cli-privacy-btn cli_setting_save_button wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn cli-btn”>SAVE & ACCEPT</a>
</div>

</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class=”cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-settings-overlay”></div>
<div class=”cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-popupbar-overlay”></div>
<!–googleon: all–> <!– Memberships powered by Paid Memberships Pro v3.8.6. –>
<script>document.body.classList.remove(“no-js”);</script> <script>
document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function() {
// Select all image elements
const allImages = document.querySelectorAll(‘img’);

// Iterate through each image and add alt if missing
allImages.forEach((img, index) => {
if (!img.hasAttribute(‘alt’) || img.alt.trim() === ”) {
// Add a default alt tag (you can customize the logic)
img.alt = img.src.split(‘/’).pop().split(‘.’)[0].replace(/[-_]/g, ‘ ‘);
}
});
});
</script>
<script type=”text/javascript”>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
// Function to update the tooltip text for notification checkboxes
function updateTooltip(checkbox) {
// Select the closest label for the specific notification checkbox
const tooltipLabel = $(checkbox).closest(‘.wpd_label’);

// Update the tooltip based on the checkbox state
if ($(checkbox).is(‘:checked’)) {
tooltipLabel.attr(‘wpd-tooltip’, “Don’t notify me about replies”);
} else {
tooltipLabel.attr(‘wpd-tooltip’, “Notify me about replies”);
}
}

// Initial tooltip update for relevant notification checkboxes on page load
$(‘.wpd_label__checkbox[name=”wpdiscuz_notification_type”]’).each(function () {
updateTooltip(this);
});

// Update tooltip when any notification checkbox is toggled
$(document).on(‘change’, ‘.wpd_label__checkbox[name=”wpdiscuz_notification_type”]’, function () {
updateTooltip(this);
});
});
</script>
<style type=”text/css”>
.wpd-comment-share.wpd-hidden .wpd-tooltip-content {
min-width: 165px !important;
}
</style>
<script type=”text/javascript”>
jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
// Target only .wpd-tooltip-content inside .wpd-comment-share.wpd-hidden
$(‘.wpd-comment-share.wpd-hidden .wpd-tooltip-content’).each(function () {
// Extract the comment URL from the existing WhatsApp or Twitter link
var twitterUrl = $(this).find(‘a.wc_tw’).attr(‘href’);
var commentUrl = ”;

// Check if the Twitter URL exists and extract the actual URL part
if (twitterUrl) {
var urlParams = new URLSearchParams(twitterUrl.split(‘?’)[1]);
commentUrl = urlParams.get(‘url’);
}

// Fallback to WhatsApp URL if Twitter URL is not found
if (!commentUrl) {
var whatsappUrl = $(this).find(‘a.wc_whatsapp’).attr(‘href’);
if (whatsappUrl) {
commentUrl = decodeURIComponent(whatsappUrl.split(‘URL: ‘)[1]);
}
}

// Ensure the commentUrl is extracted, then append new share buttons
if (commentUrl) {
$(this).append(
‘<a class=”wc_facebook” rel=”noreferrer” href=”https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share On Facebook”>’ +
‘<i class=”fab fa-facebook wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’ +
‘<a class=”wc_telegram” rel=”noreferrer” href=”https://t.me/share/url?url=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share On Telegram”>’ +
‘<i class=”fab fa-telegram wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’ +
‘<a class=”wc_linkedin” rel=”noreferrer” href=”https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share On LinkedIn”>’ +
‘<i class=”fab fa-linkedin wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’ +
‘<a class=”wc_email” rel=”noreferrer” href=”mailto:?subject=Check out this comment on Fair Observer&body=’ + encodeURIComponent(commentUrl) + ‘” target=”_blank” title=”Share via Email”>’ +
‘<i class=”fas fa-envelope wpf-cta” aria-hidden=”true”></i></a>’
);
}
});
});
</script>
<div id=’wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper-bg’></div><div id=’wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper’><textarea id=’wpd-editor-source-code’></textarea><button id=’wpd-insert-source-code’>Insert</button><input type=’hidden’ id=’wpd-editor-uid’ /></div> <script>
/(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent) && document.getElementById && window.addEventListener && window.addEventListener(“hashchange”, (function() {
var t, e = location.hash.substring(1);
/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e) && (t = document.getElementById(e)) && (/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName) || (t.tabIndex = -1), t.focus())
}), !1);
</script>
<script id=”cbxwpbookmark-events-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/js/cbxwpbookmark-events.js”></script>
<script id=”awesome-notifications-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/vendors/awesome-notifications/script.js”></script>
<script id=”cbxwpbookmarkpublicjs-js-extra”>
var cbxwpbookmark = {“ajaxurl”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”,”nonce”:”9cc98b03fe”,”cat_template”:””””,”category_delete_success”:”Category deleted successfully”,”category_delete_error”:”Unable to delete the category”,”are_you_sure_global”:”Are you sure?”,”are_you_sure_delete_desc”:”Once you delete, it’s gone forever. You can not revert it back.”,”areyousuretodeletecat”:”Are you sure you want to delete this Bookmark Category?”,”areyousuretodeletebookmark”:”Are you sure you want to delete this Bookmark?”,”bookmark_failed”:”Failed to Bookmark”,”bookmark_removed”:”Bookmark Removed”,”bookmark_removed_empty”:”All Bookmarks Removed”,”bookmark_removed_failed”:”Bookmark Removed Failed”,”error_msg”:”Error loading data. Response code = “,”category_name_empty”:”Category name can not be empty”,”add_to_head_default”:”Click Category to Bookmark”,”add_to_head_cat_list”:”Click to Edit Category”,”add_to_head_cat_edit”:”Edit Category”,”add_to_head_cat_create”:”Create Category”,”no_cats_found”:”No category found”,”add_to_head_max_cat”:”Maximum category limit reached”,”max_cat_limit”:”0″,”max_cat_limit_error”:”Sorry, you reached the maximum category limit and to create one one, please delete unnecessary categories first”,”user_current_cat_count”:”0″,”user_current_cats”:””,”user_can_create_cat”:”1″,”bookmark_mode”:”no_cat”,”bookmark_not_found”:”No bookmarks found”,”load_more”:”Load More …”,”category_default_status”:”1″,”delete_all_bookmarks_by_user_confirm”:”Are you sure to delete all of your bookmarks? This process can not be undone.”,”awn_options”:{“tip”:”Tip”,”info”:”Info”,”success”:”Success”,”warning”:”Attention”,”alert”:”Error”,”async”:”Loading”,”confirm”:”Confirmation”,”confirmOk”:”OK”,”confirmCancel”:”Cancel”},”shareurl_html”:”u003Cdiv class=”shareurl_modal”u003Eu003Ch3u003ECopy and Share Urlu003C/h3u003Eu003Cdiv class=”shareurl_copy”u003Eu003Cinput readonly class=”shareurl_copy_input” name=”shareurl_copy_input” type=”text” value=”##share_url##” /u003Eu003Cbutton data-url=”##share_url##” class=”shareurl_copy_btn”u003ECopyu003C/buttonu003Eu003C/divu003Eu003C/divu003E”,”shareurl_trans”:{“copy”:”Copy”,”copied”:”Copied”}};
//# sourceURL=cbxwpbookmarkpublicjs-js-extra
</script>
<script id=”cbxwpbookmarkpublicjs-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/js/cbxwpbookmark-public.js”></script>
<script async data-wp-strategy=”async” fetchpriority=”low” id=”comment-reply-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js”></script>
<script id=”theme-my-login-js-extra”>
var themeMyLogin = {“action”:””,”errors”:[],”autofocus”:”1″,”showPasswordLabel”:”Show password”,”hidePasswordLabel”:”Hide password”,”ajaxErrorMessage”:”An error occurred while processing your request. Please try again later.”};
//# sourceURL=theme-my-login-js-extra
</script>
<script id=”theme-my-login-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/scripts/theme-my-login.min.js”></script>
<script id=”custom-scripts-js-extra”>
var ajax_object = {“ajax_url”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”};
//# sourceURL=custom-scripts-js-extra
</script>
<script id=”custom-scripts-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/js/custom-scripts.js”></script>
<script id=”wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-extra”>
var wpdiscuzAjaxObj = {“wc_hide_replies_text”:”Hide Replies”,”wc_show_replies_text”:”View Replies”,”wc_msg_required_fields”:”Please fill out required fields”,”wc_msg_comment_is_trash”:”This comment is not acceptable.”,”wc_msg_comment_is_spam”:”This comment is not acceptable.”,”wc_invalid_field”:”Some of field value is invalid”,”wc_error_empty_text”:”please fill out this field to comment”,”wc_error_url_text”:”url is invalid”,”wc_error_email_text”:”email address is invalid”,”wc_invalid_captcha”:”Invalid Captcha Code”,”wc_login_to_vote”:”You Must Be Logged In To Vote”,”wc_deny_voting_from_same_ip”:”You are not allowed to vote for this comment”,”wc_self_vote”:”You cannot vote for your comment”,”wc_vote_only_one_time”:”You’ve already voted for this comment”,”wc_voting_error”:”Voting Error”,”wc_banned_user”:”You are banned”,”wc_rate_limit_exceeded”:”Too many requests. Please slow down.”,”wc_comment_edit_not_possible”:”Sorry, this comment is no longer possible to edit”,”wc_comment_not_updated”:”Sorry, the comment was not updated”,”wc_comment_not_edited”:”You’ve not made any changes”,”wc_msg_input_min_length”:”Input is too short”,”wc_msg_input_max_length”:”Input is too long”,”wc_spoiler_title”:”Spoiler Title”,”wc_cannot_rate_again”:”You cannot rate again”,”wc_not_allowed_to_rate”:”You’re not allowed to rate here”,”wc_confirm_rate_edit”:”Are you sure you want to edit your rate?”,”wc_follow_user”:”Follow this user”,”wc_unfollow_user”:”Unfollow this user”,”wc_follow_success”:”You started following this comment author”,”wc_follow_canceled”:”You stopped following this comment author.”,”wc_follow_email_confirm”:”Please check your email and confirm the user following request.”,”wc_follow_email_confirm_fail”:”Sorry, we couldn’t send confirmation email.”,”wc_follow_login_to_follow”:”Please login to follow users.”,”wc_follow_impossible”:”We are sorry, but you can’t follow this user.”,”wc_follow_not_added”:”Following failed. Please try again later.”,”wc_inline_feedbacks”:”Inline Feedbacks”,”wc_inline_comments_view_all”:”View all comments”,”is_user_logged_in”:””,”commentListLoadType”:”0″,”commentListUpdateType”:”0″,”commentListUpdateTimer”:”60″,”liveUpdateGuests”:”0″,”wordpressThreadCommentsDepth”:”10″,”wordpressIsPaginate”:””,”commentTextMaxLength”:”1500″,”replyTextMaxLength”:”1500″,”commentTextMinLength”:”1″,”replyTextMinLength”:”1″,”storeCommenterData”:”100000″,”socialLoginAgreementCheckbox”:”1″,”enableFbLogin”:”0″,”fbUseOAuth2″:”0″,”enableFbShare”:”1″,”facebookAppID”:””,”facebookUseOAuth2″:”0″,”enableGoogleLogin”:”0″,”cookiehash”:”e66860338f17370cef9df4542f61dc2c”,”isLoadOnlyParentComments”:”0″,”scrollToComment”:”1″,”commentFormView”:”collapsed”,”enableDropAnimation”:”1″,”isNativeAjaxEnabled”:”1″,”userInteractionCheck”:”1″,”enableBubble”:”0″,”bubbleLiveUpdate”:”0″,”bubbleHintTimeout”:”45″,”bubbleHintHideTimeout”:”10″,”cookieHideBubbleHint”:”wpdiscuz_hide_bubble_hint”,”bubbleHintShowOnce”:”1″,”bubbleHintCookieExpires”:”7″,”bubbleShowNewCommentMessage”:”1″,”bubbleLocation”:”content_left”,”firstLoadWithAjax”:”0″,”wc_copied_to_clipboard”:”Copied to clipboard!”,”inlineFeedbackAttractionType”:”blink”,”antispamFieldPrefixes”:[“ak_”,”akismet_comment_nonce”,”la_sentinelle_”],”loadRichEditor”:”1″,”wpDiscuzReCaptchaSK”:”6Lcv4t0rAAAAADxN4Z8xk9FLg7__TNK_1uYYIDUe”,”wpDiscuzReCaptchaTheme”:”light”,”wpDiscuzReCaptchaVersion”:”2.0″,”wc_captcha_show_for_guest”:”0″,”wc_captcha_show_for_members”:”0″,”wpDiscuzIsShowOnSubscribeForm”:”0″,”wmuEnabled”:”0″,”wmuInput”:”wmu_files”,”wmuMaxFileCount”:”1″,”wmuMaxFileSize”:”2097152″,”wmuPostMaxSize”:”12884901888″,”wmuIsLightbox”:”1″,”wmuMimeTypes”:{“jpg”:”image/jpeg”,”jpeg”:”image/jpeg”,”jpe”:”image/jpeg”,”gif”:”image/gif”,”png”:”image/png”,”bmp”:”image/bmp”,”tiff”:”image/tiff”,”tif”:”image/tiff”,”ico”:”image/x-icon”},”wmuPhraseConfirmDelete”:”Are you sure you want to delete this attachment?”,”wmuPhraseNotAllowedFile”:”Not allowed file type”,”wmuPhraseMaxFileCount”:”Maximum number of uploaded files is 1″,”wmuPhraseMaxFileSize”:”Maximum upload file size is 2MB”,”wmuPhrasePostMaxSize”:”Maximum post size is 12288MB”,”wmuPhraseDoingUpload”:”Uploading in progress! Please wait.”,”msgEmptyFile”:”File is empty. Please upload something more substantial. This error could also be caused by uploads being disabled in your php.ini or by post_max_size being defined as smaller than upload_max_filesize in php.ini.”,”msgPostIdNotExists”:”Post ID not exists”,”msgUploadingNotAllowed”:”Sorry, uploading not allowed for this post”,”msgPermissionDenied”:”You do not have sufficient permissions to perform this action”,”wmuKeyImages”:”images”,”wmuSingleImageWidth”:”auto”,”wmuSingleImageHeight”:”200″,”wmuIconVideo”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/img/file-icons/video-audio-type.png”,”wmuIconFile”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/img/file-icons/file-type.png”,”previewTemplate”:”u003Cdiv class=”wmu-preview [PREVIEW_TYPE_CLASS]” title=”[PREVIEW_TITLE]” data-wmu-type=”[PREVIEW_TYPE]” data-wmu-attachment=”[PREVIEW_ID]” data-wmu-index=”[PREVIEW_INDEX]”u003Ern u003Cdiv class=”wmu-preview-remove”u003Ern u003Cimg class=”wmu-preview-img” src=”[PREVIEW_ICON]”u003Ern u003Cdiv class=”wmu-file-name”u003E[PREVIEW_FILENAME]u003C/divu003Ern u003Cdiv class=”wmu-preview-delete” title=”Delete”u003Eu2715u003C/divu003Ern u003Clabel class=”wmu-preview-replace” title=”Replace”u003Eu21bbu003Cinput type=”file” style=”display:none” class=”wmu-replace-input”u003Eu003C/labelu003Ern u003C/divu003Ernu003C/divu003Ern”,”isUserRated”:”0″,”version”:”7.6.72″,”wc_post_id”:”165035″,”wc_blog_id”:”1″,”isCookiesEnabled”:”1″,”loadLastCommentId”:”0″,”dataFilterCallbacks”:[],”phraseFilters”:[],”scrollSize”:”32″,”url”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”,”customAjaxUrl”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/utils/ajax/wpdiscuz-ajax.php”,”bubbleUpdateUrl”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-json/wpdiscuz/v1/update”,”restNonce”:”3cd80001c2″,”is_rate_editable”:”0″,”menu_icon”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/img/plugin-icon/wpdiscuz-svg.svg”,”menu_icon_hover”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/img/plugin-icon/wpdiscuz-svg_hover.svg”,”nonceName”:”wpdiscuz_nonce”,”postAttachmentsAsGallery”:””,”wmuPhraseNotAllowedFileType”:”File type is not allowed”,”is_email_field_required”:”1″};
var wpdiscuzUCObj = {“msgConfirmDeleteComment”:”Are you sure you want to delete this comment?”,”msgConfirmCancelSubscription”:”Are you sure you want to cancel this subscription?”,”msgConfirmCancelFollow”:”Are you sure you want to cancel this follow?”,”additionalTab”:”0″};
//# sourceURL=wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-extra
</script>
<script id=”wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-before”>
var wpdiscuzEditorOptions = {
modules: {
toolbar: “”,
counter: {
uniqueID: “”,
commentmaxcount : 1500,
replymaxcount : 1500,
commentmincount : 1,
replymincount : 1,
},
},
wc_be_the_first_text: “Be the First to Comment!”,
wc_comment_join_text: “Join the discussion”,
theme: ‘snow’,
debug: ‘error’
};

//# sourceURL=wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-before
</script>
<script id=”wpdiscuz-combo-js-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/js/wpdiscuz-combo.min.js”></script>
<script id=”fo-bookmark-feedback-js-before”>
window.foBookmarkFeedback = {“url”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/cbxbookmark/”,”icon”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/images/external-link-icon-white.png”};
//# sourceURL=fo-bookmark-feedback-js-before
</script>
<script id=”fo-bookmark-feedback-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/assets/js/bookmark-feedback.js”></script>
<script id=”featured-video-plus-js” src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/featured-video-plus/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js”></script>
<script id=”cookie-law-info-js-extra”>
var Cli_Data = {“nn_cookie_ids”:[“__cfduid”,”__utma”,”__utmc”,”__utmz”,”__utmt”,”__utmb”,”_exposure_session”,”_gat_gtag_UA_64856472_1″,”timezone”,”test_cookie”,”em_cdn_uid”,”idsync-ttd-uid”,”idsync-ttd-profile”,”idsync-dbm-uid”,”idsync-dbm-profile”,”idsync-dyn-uid”,”idsync-dyn-profile”,”idsync-mm-uid”,”idsync-mm-profile”,”idsync-cto-uid”,”idsync-cto-profile”,”idsync-acu-uid”,”idsync-acu-profile”,”YTC”,”vuid”,”tuuid”,”c”,”tuuid_lu”,”TapAd_TS”,”TapAd_DID”,”stn”,”auid”,”wfivefivec”,”TDCPM”,”rmuid”,”icts”,”SERVERID”,”OAID”,”tsUserData”,”rlas3″,”TDID”,”adtheorent[cuid]”,”pxrc”,”bkdc”,”bkpa”,”bku”,”ssi”,”_ssum”,”uuidc”,”did”,”didts”,”nnls”,”lang”,”sc_anonymous_id”,”wp_woocommerce_session_73e816ca578746b9d2140fca098c8954″,”EE”,”ud”,”uuid”,”idsync-uuid”,”idsync-ts”,”idsync-qs”,”gu-uuid”,”gu-ts”,”gu-qs”,”session-set”,”amazon-pay-abtesting-new-widgets”,”amazon-pay-abtesting-apa-migration”,”language”,”m”,”S”,”NID”,”VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE”,”GPS”,”YSC”,”IDE”,”PHPSESSID”,”vis”,”pmpro_visit”,”_ga”,”_gid”,”_gat”,”__stripe_mid”,”__stripe_sid”,”apay-status-v2″,”ubid-main”,”session-token”,”session-id”,”session-id-time”,”viewed_cookie_policy”],”cookielist”:[],”non_necessary_cookies”:{“necessary”:[“__cfduid”,”PHPSESSID”,”pmpro_visit”,”session-id”],”performance”:[“__utma”,”__utmc”,”__utmz”,”__utmt”,”__utmb”,”YSC”,”_gat”]},”ccpaEnabled”:””,”ccpaRegionBased”:””,”ccpaBarEnabled”:””,”strictlyEnabled”:[“necessary”,”obligatoire”],”ccpaType”:”gdpr”,”js_blocking”:””,”custom_integration”:””,”triggerDomRefresh”:””,”secure_cookies”:””};
var cli_cookiebar_settings = {“animate_speed_hide”:”500″,”animate_speed_show”:”500″,”background”:”#ffffff”,”border”:”#b1a6a6c2″,”border_on”:””,”button_1_button_colour”:”#000″,”button_1_button_hover”:”#000000″,”button_1_link_colour”:”#ffffff”,”button_1_as_button”:”1″,”button_1_new_win”:””,”button_2_button_colour”:”#000″,”button_2_button_hover”:”#000000″,”button_2_link_colour”:”#000″,”button_2_as_button”:””,”button_2_hidebar”:””,”button_3_button_colour”:”#000″,”button_3_button_hover”:”#000000″,”button_3_link_colour”:”#fff”,”button_3_as_button”:”1″,”button_3_new_win”:””,”button_4_button_colour”:”#e8e8e8″,”button_4_button_hover”:”#bababa”,”button_4_link_colour”:”#0a0a0a”,”button_4_as_button”:”1″,”button_7_button_colour”:”#61a229″,”button_7_button_hover”:”#4e8221″,”button_7_link_colour”:”#fff”,”button_7_as_button”:”1″,”button_7_new_win”:””,”font_family”:”inherit”,”header_fix”:””,”notify_animate_hide”:”1″,”notify_animate_show”:”1″,”notify_div_id”:”#cookie-law-info-bar”,”notify_position_horizontal”:”left”,”notify_position_vertical”:”bottom”,”scroll_close”:””,”scroll_close_reload”:”1″,”accept_close_reload”:””,”reject_close_reload”:””,”showagain_tab”:”1″,”showagain_background”:”#fff”,”showagain_border”:”#000″,”showagain_div_id”:”#cookie-law-info-again”,”showagain_x_position”:”100px”,”text”:”#000″,”show_once_yn”:””,”show_once”:”10000″,”logging_on”:”1″,”as_popup”:””,”popup_overlay”:”1″,”bar_heading_text”:”We Need Your Consent “,”cookie_bar_as”:”banner”,”popup_showagain_position”:”bottom-right”,”widget_position”:”left”};
var log_object = {“ajax_url”:”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php”};
//# sourceURL=cookie-law-info-js-extra
</script>
<script id=”cookie-law-info-js” defer src=”https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/js/cookie-law-info-public.js”></script>
<script></script> <script>
document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, function() {
var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/themes/default/style.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/css/wpdiscuz-combo.min.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/third-party/font-awesome-5.13.0/css/fa.min.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg_Image_align_addon/css/gia-style.min.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cbxwpbookmark/assets/vendors/awesome-notifications/style.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-public.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l);var l=document.createElement(‘link’);
l.rel=’stylesheet’;
l.href=’https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/plugins/cookie-law-info/legacy/public/css/cookie-law-info-gdpr.css’;
document.head.appendChild(l); });
</script>

/* .popup_loginmodel .dm-fo-login-box {
max-width: 420px !important
} */
</style>

jQuery(‘.close-popup-btn-signup’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUpsignup’).hide();

});

jQuery(‘#myBtn , .sign_up_heaer’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUpsignup’).show();
});

var path = location.pathname;
var popup_not_allowed_in_paths = [“/fo/donate/”, “/fo/support-fo/”, “/fo/membership-account/membership-levels/”,
“/fo/membership-account/membership-checkout/?level=2”, “/fo/membership-account/membership-checkout/?level=1”,
“/fo/contact/”, “payment-success”
];
var isPopupOnPathAllowed = true;
if (popup_not_allowed_in_paths.includes(path)) {
isPopupOnPathAllowed = false;
}

if (jQuery.cookie(‘whenToShowDialog’) != “yesss” && isPopupOnPathAllowed) {
jQuery(window).scroll(function () {
var available, percentage_of_page, half_screen, height;
available = jQuery(document).height();
percentage_of_page = 0.25;
half_screen = available * percentage_of_page;
height = jQuery(window).scrollTop();
if (height > half_screen) {

if (jQuery.cookie(‘whenToShowDialog’) != “yesss”) {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUp”).css(‘display’, ‘flex’);
jQuery.cookie(“whenToShowDialog”, “yesss”);
}
}
});
} else {
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUp’).hide();
}

var dwnldbtn = jQuery(“#download_product_popup_open”);
dwnldbtn.click(() => {
console.log(‘be’);
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).show();
});

jQuery(‘#download_product_popup_open’).click(function () {
console.log(‘hellof’);
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).fadeIn();
});
jQuery(‘.download_product_popup_close’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).fadeOut();
});
jQuery(‘.download_product_popup_close’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).fadeOut();
});

var container = jQuery(“#download_product_popup”);
container.click((e) => {
if (e.target.id == ‘download_product_popup’) {
jQuery(‘#download_product_popup’).hide();
}
});

jQuery(‘.close-popup-btn’).click(function () {
// $.cookie(‘whenToShowDialog’, “yesss”);
display(“whenToShowDialog”, “yesss”);
jQuery(‘#myModalPopUp’).hide();
});

jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount’).keyup(function (e) {
var $otherRadio = jQuery(‘#other’);
var $otherAmountSection = jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’);

$otherAmountSection.show();
$otherRadio.prop(‘checked’, true);

var value = jQuery(this).val();
jQuery(‘#donation_amount’).html(‘$’ + value);
$otherRadio.val(value);
jQuery(‘#amount’).val(value);
});

jQuery(‘#other’).change(function () {
if (jQuery(this).is(‘:checked’)) {
jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’).show();
} else {
jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’).hide();
}
});
});

<!– –>
jQuery(document).click(function () {

/* login popup */
jQuery(‘#closebtnlogin’).click(function () {
jQuery(“#loginmodal”).hide();
});
var logincontainer = jQuery(“.dm-fo-login-box”);
if (!logincontainer.is(event.target) && !logincontainer.has(event.target).length) {
jQuery(“#loginmodal”).hide();
}
var loginbtn = jQuery(“.fo-login-link”);
if (!loginbtn.is(event.target) && !loginbtn.has(event.target).length) {

} else {
var loginModal = jQuery(“#loginmodal”);
loginModal.find(‘.popup-form input’).val(”); // Clear all input values (optional)
loginModal.find(‘.popup-form’).hide(); // Hide all forms within #loginmodal
loginModal.find(‘.error-message’).remove(); // Remove all error messages within #loginmodal
loginModal.find(‘.input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’); // Remove error class within #loginmodal
loginModal.find(‘#login-form’).show(); // Show the target form within #loginmodal

loginModal.show(); // Show the login modal
}

/* signupbutton popup */
var signupcontainer = jQuery(“#modal-content-signup”);
if (!signupcontainer.is(event.target) && !signupcontainer.has(event.target).length) {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUpsignup”).hide();
}
var signupcontainerbtn = jQuery(“#myBtn”);
if (!signupcontainerbtn.is(event.target) && !signupcontainerbtn.has(event.target).length) {

} else {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUpsignup”).css(‘display’, ‘flex’);
}

/* signupbutton onscroll popup */
var container = jQuery(“#modal-content-scroll”);
if (!container.is(event.target) && !container.has(event.target).length) {
var displayval = jQuery(‘#myModalPopUp’).css(‘display’);
if (displayval == ‘flex’) {
jQuery(“#myModalPopUp”).hide();
display(“whenToShowDialog”, “yesss”);
}
}

jQuery(‘#other’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount_section’).show();
});

jQuery(‘.other_donation_amount’).keyup(function (e) {
var activeElement = document.getElementsByClassName(“donation-amount-box”)[0].getElementsByClassName(“active”)[0];
if (activeElement) {
activeElement.classList.remove(‘active’);
}

var value = $(‘.other_donation_amount’).val();
jQuery(‘#other’).val(value);
jQuery(‘#donation_amount’).html(‘$’ + value);
jQuery(‘#amount’).val(value);
jQuery(‘#paypalamount’).val(value);
jQuery(‘#monthly’).val(value);
})
});

jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘.fo-login-link.btn-popup-footer a’).on(‘click’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); // Prevent the default behavior of the link

jQuery(‘.btn-popup-footer-login’).addClass(‘pop-active’); // Add the custom class
});
});

jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘.btn-popup-footer-login-close’).on(‘click’, function () {
jQuery(‘.popup_loginmodel.btn-popup-footer-login’).removeClass(‘pop-active’);
});
});

jQuery(document).ready(function ($) {
jQuery(“.total_counts h1”).click(function () {
jQuery(“.fo-search-popup”).addClass(“active”);
});
});

jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(‘.tml-pwd-wrap’).append(‘<div id=”show_hide_div” class=”togglepwd” onclick=”showPassword(event)”><i class=”bi bi-eye-slash-fill”></i></div>’);
jQuery(‘meta[property=”og:image:height”]’).attr(“content”, 400);
jQuery(‘meta[property=”og:image:width”]’).attr(“content”, 400);

//Open Bookmark Model
jQuery(‘#screen, #modal’).hide();
jQuery(‘#trigger-modal ,#trigger-modal2’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#modal’).show();
});
jQuery(‘.x’).click(function () {
jQuery(‘#screen, #modal’).hide();
});

window.addEventListener(‘click’, function (e) {
if (document.getElementById(‘modal’).contains(e.target)) {
jQuery(“#modal”).hide();
} else { }
});

});

function showPassword1() {

var pass = document.getElementById(“upassword”);
if (pass.type === “password”) {
pass.type = “text”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg1”).innerHTML = “Hide”;
} else {
pass.type = “password”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg1”).innerHTML = “Show”;
}
}

function showPassword2() {

var pass = document.getElementById(“upasswordconfirm”);
if (pass.type === “password”) {
pass.type = “text”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg2”).innerHTML = “Hide”;
} else {
pass.type = “password”;
document.getElementById(“show_hide_div_reg2”).innerHTML = “Show”;
}
}

jQuery(“.emaillink”).click(function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
jQuery(“#contact_us_form”).css(‘display’, ‘flex’);
});

jQuery(‘#contact_us_form’).click((e) => {
if (e.target.id === “contact_us_form”) {
jQuery(“#contact_us_form”).css(‘display’, ‘none’);
}
});

</script>

<!– Scroll footer fixed –>

jQuery(function ($) {
$(window).scroll(function () {
var scrollOffset = $(window).scrollTop();
if (scrollOffset > 400) { // change 100 to the desired scroll offset
$(‘.fixed-footer-newsletter’).addClass(‘active’);
} else {
$(‘fixed-footer-newsletter’).removeClass(‘none’);
}
});
$(document).ready(function () {
$(“.up-down-toggle-btn svg”).click(function () {
$(“.fixed-footer-newsletter”).toggleClass(“hide”);
if ($(“.fixed-footer-newsletter”).hasClass(‘hide’)) {
localStorage.setItem(‘hideClass’, ‘true’);
} else {
localStorage.removeItem(‘hideClass’);
}
});

var hideClass = localStorage.getItem(‘hideClass’);
if (hideClass === ‘true’) {
$(‘.fixed-footer-newsletter’).addClass(‘hide’);
}

});
});
</script>

<!– new custom script –>

<!– author slider –>

<!– FO Newsletter –>

jQuery(function($){
$(“.newsletters-click”).on(“click”, function (e) {
$(this).addClass(‘active’);
});

$(‘#amount_50’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#amount_100’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#amount_500’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#amount_1000’).click(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(0);
$(‘#other_amount_pay’).val(0);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(‘#other_pay’).change(function () {
$(‘.amount’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(this).attr(‘checked’, ‘checked’)
});

$(“#other_amount_pay”).on(“input”, function () {
var inputValue = $(this).val();
if (inputValue !== “”) {
$(‘#amount_50’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#amount_100’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#amount_500’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#amount_1000’).removeAttr(‘checked’);
$(‘#other_pay’).val(inputValue);

$(“#other_pay”).prop(“checked”, true);
}
});

});

/* input type number validation */

const numericInput = document.getElementById(‘other_donation_amount’);

if (numericInput) {
numericInput.addEventListener(‘input’, function (e) {
// Get the current input value
const inputValue = e.target.value;

// Remove any non-numeric characters
const numericValue = inputValue.replace(/[^0-9]/g, ”);

// Update the input value with the numeric value
e.target.value = numericValue;
});

}

</script>
<script type=”sortdDeferScript”>
jQuery(document).ready(function () {
jQuery(“.share-btn”).click(function () {
jQuery(“.m-share-events”).toggleClass(“active”);
});
});

jQuery(function($){
// For Login Form
if ($(‘form[name=”login”]’).length) {
const loginForm = $(‘form[name=”login”]’);
// Dynamically remove labels and add placeholders for Login Form
$(‘form[name=”login”] label[for=”user_login”]’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”login”] #user_login’).attr(‘placeholder’, ‘Email or Username’);

$(‘form[name=”login”] label[for=”user_pass”]’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”login”] #user_pass’).attr(‘placeholder’, ‘Password’);

// Form validation and error handling for Login Form
$(‘form[name=”login”]’).on(‘submit’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); // Prevent form submission for validation

let isValid = true;

$(this).find(‘input[type=”text”], input[type=”password”]’).each(function () {
const input = $(this);
const value = input.val().trim();

// Remove previous error message and red border
input.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
input.removeClass(‘input-error’);

// Determine field name for the error message
const fieldName = input.attr(‘id’) === ‘user_login’ ? ‘Email or Username’ :
input.attr(‘id’) === ‘user_pass’ ? ‘Password’ :
‘This field’;

// Add error if the field is empty
if (!value) {
isValid = false;
input.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).before(`<div class=”error-message”>${fieldName} is required.</div>`);
input.addClass(‘input-error’);
}
});

// Submit the form if valid
return isValid;
});

// Remove error message and red border on input for Login Form
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘.input-error’, function () {
$(this).removeClass(‘input-error’);
$(this).closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
});
}

// For Lost Password Form
if ($(‘form[name=”lostpassword”]’).length) {
// Dynamically remove labels and add placeholders for Lost Password Form
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] label[for=”user_login”]’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] #user_login’).attr(‘placeholder’, ‘Email or Username’);

// Change the submit button text for Lost Password form
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] button[type=”submit”]’).text(‘Reset Password’);

// Form validation and error handling for Lost Password Form
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”]’).on(‘submit’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault(); // Prevent form submission for validation

let isValid = true;

$(this).find(‘input[type=”text”]’).each(function () {
const input = $(this);
const value = input.val().trim();

// Remove previous error message and red border
input.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
input.removeClass(‘input-error’);

// Determine field name for the error message
const fieldName = input.attr(‘id’) === ‘user_login’ ? ‘Email or Username’ : ‘This field’;

// Submit the form if valid
return isValid;
});

// Remove error message and red border on input for Lost Password Form
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘.input-error’, function () {
$(this).removeClass(‘input-error’);
$(this).closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).prev(‘.error-message’).remove();
});
}

$(document).ajaxSuccess(function (event, xhr, settings) {
// Check if the request URL is the one from the lostpassword form (or another condition based on your URL)
if (settings.url.indexOf(‘forgot-the-password’) !== -1) {
var response = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);

if (response.success) {
// const successMessage = response.data.notice;
const successMessage = “we have sent a link to your email to reset your password.”;
// Toggle visibility of the before and after sections
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-before’).hide();
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-after’).fadeIn();

} else {
// const errorMessage = response.data.errors;
// Clear previous error messages
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] .error-message’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] .input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’);

const errorMessage = ‘Email address or username is not registered’;
// Find the input fields for user_login and user_pass
const userLoginInput = $(‘form[name=”lostpassword”] #user_login’);

userLoginInput.closest(‘.tml-field-wrap’).before(`<div class=”error-message”>${errorMessage}</div>`);
userLoginInput.addClass(‘input-error’);

}
}

if (settings.url.indexOf(‘login’) !== -1) {
var response = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);

if (response.success) {
// $(‘form[name=”login”]’).after(‘<div class=”success-message”>Login successful! Redirecting…</div>’);
} else {
// Clear previous error messages
$(‘form[name=”login”] .error-message’).remove();
$(‘form[name=”login”] .input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’);

const errorMessage = response.data.errors; // Assuming this is an HTML string
// Extract plain text error messages from the response
const extractedErrorMessage = $(errorMessage).text().trim();

// Determine where to display the error based on keywords in the message
const userLoginInput = $(‘form[name=”login”] #user_login’);
const userPassInput = $(‘form[name=”login”] #user_pass’);

$(‘form[name=”login”]’).prepend(`<div class=”error-message”>Email address or password is incorrect.</div>`);
userLoginInput.addClass(‘input-error’);
userPassInput.addClass(‘input-error’);
}
}

});

// Switch Between Forms (Login and Forgot Password)
$(‘.switch-form’).on(‘click’, function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
const target = $(this).data(‘target’);
$(‘.popup-form’).hide(); // Hide all forms
$(‘.error-message’).remove(); // Remove all error messages
$(‘.input-error’).removeClass(‘input-error’); // Remove input error classes
$(‘.popup-form input’).val(”); // Clear all input values (optional)

// Show the target form
if (target === ‘forgot-password-form’) {
// Always show forget-password-before when switching to forgot-password-form
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-after’).hide();
$(‘#forgot-password-form .forget-password-before’).show();
}

$(‘#’ + target).fadeIn(); // Show the target form
});
});
</script>

</script>

jQuery(function($){
// Prevent numbers while typing & enforce maxlength for Name
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘#contactFormCustom input[name=”your-name”]’, function(){
// allow letters, spaces, hyphen, apostrophe, limit to 50 chars
this.value = this.value.replace(/[^A-Za-zs’-]/g, ”).slice(0,50);
});

// Email field: limit to 100 characters and block spaces
$(document).on(‘input’, ‘#contactFormCustom input[name=”your-email”]’, function() {
this.value = this.value.replace(/s/g, ”).slice(0, 100);
});

});

</script>

</html>
<style>
/* Hide the view count by default */
.hidden {
display: none;
}

</style>

<p class=”hidden”>Total Views: </p>

<!– <style>
#cliSettingsPopup {display:none}
</style>
<style>
#cookie-law-info-bar,.wt-cli-cookie-bar{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:10pt;margin:0 auto;padding:10px 10px;position:absolute;text-align:center;width:100%;z-index:99999;box-shadow:rgb(0 0 0 / .5) 0 5px 10px;display:none;left:0}#cookie-law-info-again{font-size:10pt;margin:0;padding:5px 10px;text-align:center;z-index:9999;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:#161616 2px 2px 5px 2px}#cookie-law-info-bar span{vertical-align:middle}.cli-plugin-button,.cli-plugin-button:visited{display:inline-block;padding:8px 16px 8px;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;-moz-border-radius:4px;-webkit-border-radius:4px;position:relative;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none}.cli-accept-button{font-family:Courier;font-variant:small-caps}.cli-plugin-button:hover{background-color:#111;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.small.cli-plugin-button,.small.cli-plugin-button:visited{font-size:11px}.cli-plugin-button,.cli-plugin-button:visited,.medium.cli-plugin-button,.medium.cli-plugin-button:visited{font-size:13px;font-weight:500;line-height:1}.large.cli-plugin-button,.large.cli-plugin-button:visited{font-size:14px;padding:8px 14px 9px}.super.cli-plugin-button,.super.cli-plugin-button:visited{font-size:34px;padding:8px 14px 9px}.pink.cli-plugin-button,.magenta.cli-plugin-button:visited{background-color:#e22092}.pink.cli-plugin-button:hover{background-color:#c81e82}.green.cli-plugin-button,.green.cli-plugin-button:visited{background-color:#91bd09}.green.cli-plugin-button:hover{background-color:#749a02}.red.cli-plugin-button,.red.cli-plugin-button:visited{background-color:#e62727}.red.cli-plugin-button:hover{background-color:#cf2525}.orange.cli-plugin-button,.orange.cli-plugin-button:visited{background-color:#ff5c00}.orange.cli-plugin-button:hover{background-color:#d45500}.blue.cli-plugin-button,.blue.cli-plugin-button:visited{background-color:#2981e4}.blue.cli-plugin-button:hover{background-color:#2575cf}.yellow.cli-plugin-button,.yellow.cli-plugin-button:visited{background-color:#ffb515}.yellow.cli-plugin-button:hover{background-color:#fc9200}.cli-bar-popup{-moz-background-clip:padding;-webkit-background-clip:padding;background-clip:padding-box;-webkit-border-radius:30px;-moz-border-radius:30px;border-radius:30px;padding:20px}.cli-clearboth{clear:both}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.cli-settings-mobile:hover{box-shadow:none!important}.cli-settings-desktop{display:none}.cli-col-8{max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important;flex:100%!important;-ms-flex:100%!important}.cli-accordion-plusminus{float:right;font-size:22px;line-height:22px}.cli-plugin-button{margin:10px}}@media only screen and (max-width:567px){.cli-switch .cli-slider:after{display:none}.cli-tab-header a.cli-nav-link{font-size:12px}.cli-modal .cli-modal-close{right:-10px;top:-15px}}.wt-cli-iframe-placeholder{background-image:url(../images/cli_placeholder.svg);background-size:80px;max-width:100%;max-height:100%;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#b2b0b059;position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:center}.wt-cli-iframe-placeholder .wt-cli-inner-text{width:100%;text-align:center;padding:1rem 1rem;border-radius:400px}.wt-cli-cookie-bar-container{display:none}.wt-cli-necessary-checkbox{display:none!important}a.wt-cli-ccpa-opt-out{text-decoration:underline!important;}.gdpr-container-fluid{width:100%;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;box-sizing:border-box}.gdpr-row{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.gdpr-col-4{-ms-flex:0 0 33.333333%;flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}.gdpr-col-8{-ms-flex:0 0 66.666667%;flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%}.gdpr-align-items-stretch{-ms-flex-align:stretch!important;align-items:stretch!important}.gdpr-d-flex{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important}.gdpr-px-0{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.modal-backdrop.show{opacity:.8}.modal-open{overflow:hidden}.modal-open .gdpr-modal{overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto}.gdpr-modal.fade .gdpr-modal-dialog{transition:-webkit-transform .3s ease-out;transition:transform .3s ease-out;transition:transform .3s ease-out,-webkit-transform .3s ease-out;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-25%);transform:translate(0,-25%)}.gdpr-modal.show .gdpr-modal-dialog{-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}.modal-backdrop{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1039;background-color:#000}.modal-backdrop.fade{opacity:0}.modal-backdrop.show{opacity:.5}.gdpr-modal{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1050;display:none;overflow:hidden;outline:none}.gdpr-modal a{text-decoration:none}.gdpr-modal .gdpr-modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:.5rem;pointer-events:none;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,”Segoe UI”,Roboto,”Helvetica Neue”,Arial,sans-serif,”Apple Color Emoji”,”Segoe UI Emoji”,”Segoe UI Symbol”;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;text-align:left;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;min-height:calc(100% – (.5rem * 2))}@media (min-width:576px){.gdpr-modal .gdpr-modal-dialog{max-width:500px;margin:1.75rem auto;min-height:calc(100% – (1.75rem * 2))}}@media (min-width:992px){.gdpr-modal .gdpr-modal-dialog{max-width:900px}}.gdpr-modal-content{position:relative;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;pointer-events:auto;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid rgb(0 0 0 / .2);border-radius:.3rem;box-sizing:border-box;outline:0}.gdpr-modal .row{margin:0 -15px}.gdpr-modal .modal-body{padding:0;position:relative;-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto}.gdpr-modal .close{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;z-index:1;padding:0;background-color:#fff0;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #fff}.gdpr-modal .close:focus{outline:0}.gdpr-switch{display:inline-block;position:relative;min-height:1px;padding-left:70px;font-size:14px}.gdpr-switch input[type=”checkbox”]{display:none}.gdpr-switch .gdpr-slider{background-color:#e3e1e8;height:24px;width:50px;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;transition:.4s}.gdpr-switch .gdpr-slider:before{background-color:#fff;bottom:2px;content:””;height:20px;left:2px;position:absolute;transition:.4s;width:20px}.gdpr-switch input:checked+.gdpr-slider{background-color:#63b35f}.gdpr-switch input:checked+.gdpr-slider:before{transform:translateX(26px)}.gdpr-switch .gdpr-slider{border-radius:34px}.gdpr-switch .gdpr-slider:before{border-radius:50%}.gdpr-tab-content>.gdpr-tab-pane{display:none}.gdpr-tab-content>.active{display:block}.gdpr-fade{transition:opacity .15s linear}.gdpr-nav-pills{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none;-ms-flex-direction:column!important;flex-direction:column!important;align-items:stretch!important;-ms-align-items:stretch!important}.nav.gdpr-nav-pills,.gdpr-tab-content{width:100%;padding:30px;box-sizing:border-box}.nav.gdpr-nav-pills{background:#f3f3f3}.nav.gdpr-nav-pills .gdpr-nav-link{border:1px solid #0070ad;margin-bottom:10px;color:#0070ad;font-size:14px;display:block;padding:.5rem 1rem;border-radius:.25rem}.nav.gdpr-nav-pills .gdpr-nav-link.active,.nav.gdpr-nav-pills .show>.gdpr-nav-link{background-color:#0070ad;border:1px solid #0070ad}.nav.gdpr-nav-pills .gdpr-nav-link.active{color:#fff}.gdpr-tab-content .gdpr-button-wrapper{padding-top:30px;margin-top:30px;border-top:1px solid #d6d6d6}.gdpr-tab-content .gdpr-button-wrapper .btn-gdpr{background-color:#0070ad;border-color:#0070ad;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-weight:400;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;border:1px solid #fff0;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;border-radius:.25rem;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out;box-sizing:border-box}.gdpr-tab-content p{color:#343438;font-size:14px;margin-top:0}.gdpr-tab-content h4{font-size:20px;margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-top:0;font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2;color:inherit}.cli-container-fluid{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.cli-row{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.cli-col-4{-ms-flex:0 0 33.333333%;flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}.cli-col-8{-ms-flex:0 0 66.666667%;flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%;flex-direction:column}.cli-align-items-stretch{-ms-flex-align:stretch!important;align-items:stretch!important}.cli-d-flex{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important}.cli-px-0{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.cli-btn{cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;display:inline-block;font-weight:400;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;border:1px solid #fff0;padding:.5rem 1.25rem;line-height:1;border-radius:.25rem;transition:all .15s ease-in-out}.cli-btn:hover{opacity:.8}.cli-btn:focus{outline:0}.cli-read-more-link{cursor:pointer;font-size:15px;font-weight:500;text-decoration:underline}.cli-modal-backdrop.cli-show{opacity:.8}.cli-modal-open{overflow:hidden}.cli-barmodal-open{overflow:hidden}.cli-modal-open .cli-modal{overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto}.cli-modal.cli-fade .cli-modal-dialog{transition:-webkit-transform .3s ease-out;transition:transform .3s ease-out;transition:transform .3s ease-out,-webkit-transform .3s ease-out;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-25%);transform:translate(0,-25%)}.cli-modal.cli-show .cli-modal-dialog{-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}.cli-modal-backdrop{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1040;background-color:#000;-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);transition:opacity ease-in-out 0.5s}.cli-modal-backdrop.cli-fade{opacity:0}.cli-modal-backdrop.cli-show{opacity:.5;-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.cli-modal{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:99999;-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);overflow:hidden;outline:0;visibility:hidden}.cli-modal.cli-show{visibility:visible}.cli-modal a{text-decoration:none}.cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:.5rem;pointer-events:none;font-family:inherit;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;text-align:left;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;min-height:calc(100% – (.5rem * 2))}@media (min-width:576px){.cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog{max-width:500px;margin:1.75rem auto;min-height:calc(100% – (1.75rem * 2))}}.cli-modal-content{position:relative;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:100%;pointer-events:auto;background-clip:padding-box;border-radius:.2rem;box-sizing:border-box;outline:0}.cli-modal .row{margin:0 -15px}.cli-modal-footer{position:relative}.cli-modal .modal-body{padding:0;position:relative;-ms-flex:1 1 auto;flex:1 1 auto}.cli-modal .cli-modal-close:focus{outline:0}.cli-switch{display:inline-block;position:relative;min-height:1px;padding-left:38px;font-size:14px;width:auto}.cli-switch input[type=”checkbox”]{display:block;margin:0;width:0;position:absolute!important;left:0!important;opacity:0!important}.cli-switch .cli-slider{background-color:#e3e1e8;height:20px;width:38px;bottom:0;cursor:pointer;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;transition:.4s}.cli-switch .cli-slider:before{bottom:2px;content:””;height:15px;left:3px;position:absolute;transition:.4s;width:15px}.cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider{background-color:#28a745}.cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider:before{transform:translateX(18px)}.cli-switch .cli-slider{border-radius:34px;font-size:0}.cli-switch .cli-slider:before{border-radius:50%}.cli-nav-pills{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.cli-nav-pills,.cli-tab-content{width:100%;padding:5px 30px 5px 5px;box-sizing:border-box}@media (max-width:767px){.cli-nav-pills,.cli-tab-content{padding:30px 10px}}.cli-nav-pills{background:#fff}.cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link{border:1px solid #ccc;margin-bottom:10px;color:#2a2a2a;font-size:14px;display:block;padding:.5rem 1rem;border-radius:.25rem;cursor:pointer}.cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link.cli-active,.cli-nav-pills .cli-show>.cli-nav-link{background-color:#f6f6f9;border:1px solid #ccc}.cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link.cli-active{color:#2a2a2a}.cli-tab-content .cli-button-wrapper{padding-top:30px;margin-top:30px;border-top:1px solid #d6d6d6}.cli-tab-content p{color:#343438;font-size:14px;margin-top:0}.cli-tab-content h4{font-size:20px;margin-bottom:1.5rem;margin-top:0;font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2;color:inherit}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills,#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-content,#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills .cli-show>.cli-nav-link,#cookie-law-info-bar a.cli-nav-link.cli-active{background:#fff0}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link.cli-active,#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-link,#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-container p,#cookie-law-info-bar span.cli-necessary-caption,#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-switch .cli-slider:after{color:inherit}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-header a:before{border-right:1px solid currentColor;border-bottom:1px solid currentColor}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-row{margin-top:20px}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-col-4{-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex:0 0 auto;flex:0 0 auto;width:auto;max-width:none}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-col-8{flex-basis:0%;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;max-width:100%}.cli-wrapper{max-width:100%;float:none;margin:0 auto}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-content h4{margin-bottom:.5rem}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-nav-pills .cli-nav-link{padding:.2rem .5rem}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-container{display:none;text-align:left}.cli-tab-footer .cli-btn{padding:10px 15px;width:auto;text-decoration:none}.cli-tab-footer{width:100%;text-align:right;padding:20px 0}.cli-col-12{width:100%}.cli-tab-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.cli-tab-header a:before{width:10px;height:2px;left:0;top:calc(50% – 1px)}.cli-tab-header a:after{width:2px;height:10px;left:4px;top:calc(50% – 5px);-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.cli-tab-header a:before{width:7px;height:7px;border-right:1px solid #4a6e78;border-bottom:1px solid #4a6e78;content:” “;transform:rotate(-45deg);-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;-moz-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;margin-right:10px}.cli-tab-header a.cli-nav-link{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;font-size:14px;color:#000;text-decoration:none}.cli-tab-header.cli-tab-active .cli-nav-link:before{transform:rotate(45deg);-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;-moz-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out}.cli-tab-header{border-radius:5px;padding:12px 15px;cursor:pointer;transition:background-color 0.2s ease-out 0.3s,color 0.2s ease-out 0s;background-color:#f2f2f2}.cli-modal .cli-modal-close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:1;-webkit-appearance:none;width:40px;height:40px;padding:0;border-radius:50%;padding:10px;background:#fff0;border:none}.cli-tab-container h4{font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;margin-bottom:15px;margin:10px 0}.cli-tab-container p,.cli-privacy-content-text{font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;margin-top:0;padding:0;color:#000}.cli-tab-content{display:none}.cli-tab-section .cli-tab-content{padding:10px 20px 5px 20px}.cli-tab-section{margin-top:5px}@media (min-width:992px){.cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog{max-width:645px}}.cli-switch .cli-slider:after{content:attr(data-cli-disable);position:absolute;right:50px;font-size:12px;text-align:right;min-width:120px}.cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider:after{content:attr(data-cli-enable)}a.cli-privacy-readmore{font-size:12px;margin-top:12px;display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline}.cli-privacy-overview{padding-bottom:12px}a.cli-privacy-readmore:before{content:attr(data-readmore-text)}.cli-collapsed a.cli-privacy-readmore:before{content:attr(data-readless-text)}.cli-collapsed .cli-privacy-content{transition:max-height 0.25s ease-in}.cli-privacy-content p{margin-bottom:0}.cli-modal-close svg{fill:#000}span.cli-necessary-caption{color:#000;font-size:12px}.cli-tab-section.cli-privacy-tab{display:none}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-tab-section.cli-privacy-tab{display:block}#cookie-law-info-bar .cli-privacy-overview{display:none}.cli-tab-container .cli-row{max-height:500px;overflow-y:auto}.cli-modal.cli-blowup.cli-out{z-index:-1}.cli-modal.cli-blowup{z-index:999999;-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.cli-modal.cli-blowup .cli-modal-dialog{animation:blowUpModal 0.5s cubic-bezier(.165,.84,.44,1) forwards}.cli-modal.cli-blowup.cli-out .cli-modal-dialog{animation:blowUpModalTwo 0.5s cubic-bezier(.165,.84,.44,1) forwards}@keyframes blowUpContent{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);opacity:1}99.9%{-webkit-transform:scale(2);transform:scale(2);opacity:0}100%{-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0)}}@keyframes blowUpContentTwo{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(2);transform:scale(2);opacity:0}100%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);opacity:1}}@keyframes blowUpModal{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes blowUpModalTwo{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);opacity:1}50%{-webkit-transform:scale(.5);transform:scale(.5);opacity:0}100%{-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);opacity:0}}.cli-bar-container{float:none;margin:0 auto;justify-content:space-between;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.cli-style-v2 a{cursor:pointer}.cli-style-v2 .cli-plugin-main-link{font-weight:inherit}.cli-style-v2{font-size:11pt;font-weight:400}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”widget”] .cli-bar-container,#cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”popup”] .cli-bar-container{display:block}.cli-bar-message{width:70%;text-align:left}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”widget”] .cli-bar-message,#cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-type=”popup”] .cli-bar-message{width:100%}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-style=”cli-style-v2″] .cli_messagebar_head{text-align:left;margin-left:5%;margin-bottom:10px}@media (max-width:985px){.cli-bar-message{width:100%}.cli-bar-container{justify-content:center}}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-cli-style=”cli-style-v2″] .wt-cli-ccpa-checkbox{display:block}.wt-cli-form-group input:disabled{opacity:.5}.wt-cli-custom-checkbox input[type=”checkbox”]{border:1px solid #b4b9be;background:#fff;color:#555;clear:none;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block!important;line-height:0;height:16px;margin:-4px 4px 0 0;padding:0!important;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;width:16px;min-width:16px;-webkit-appearance:none;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / .1);transition:.05s border-color ease-in-out}.wt-cli-custom-checkbox input[type=checkbox]:checked:before{content:”;display:block;border:solid #61a229;width:5px;height:10px;border-width:0 2px 2px 0;transform:rotate(45deg);margin:1px 0 0 5px;box-sizing:border-box}.wt-cli-form-group{margin-right:15px}.cli-style-v3 .cli-bar-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}.cli-style-v3 .cli-bar-btn_container,.cli-style-v3 .wt-cli-category-widget{margin-top:10px}.cli-style-v3{text-align:left}#cookie-law-info-bar a,.wt-cli-category-widget .wt-cli-form-group label{cursor:pointer}.wt-cli-category-widget .wt-cli-form-group label{font-size:inherit}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″]{padding:10px 90px}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″][data-cli-type=”widget”]{padding:10px 20px}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″][data-cli-type=”popup”]{padding:10px 20px}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″] .wt-cli-category-widget{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″]{text-align:left;font-size:11pt;border:1px solid #ffffffe6}#cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″] h5{margin:10px 0}.wt-cli-category-widget-active .cli-switch,.wt-cli-category-widget-active .wt-cli-necessary-checkbox,.wt-cli-category-widget-active .cli-necessary-caption{display:none!important}@media (max-width:985px){#cookie-law-info-bar[data-template-id=”cli-style-v3″]{padding:10px 20px}}.wt-cli-sr-only{display:none}.wt-cli-cookie-bar-container.wt-cli-hide-bar{display:none!important}.wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn{margin-left:10px}.cli_settings_button:focus,#cookie-law-info-again:focus,#wt-cli-cookie-banner-title:focus,.cli-plugin-main-link,.cli_action_button,.cli-privacy-readmore,.cli-tab-header a,.cli-switch .cli-slider,.cli-tab-content .cli-tab-pane:focus{outline:0}.cli-plugin-button:focus{outline:0;opacity:.7}.wt-cli-ckyes-brand-logo{display:flex;align-items:center;font-size:9px;color:#111;font-weight:400}.wt-cli-ckyes-brand-logo img{width:65px;margin-left:2px}.wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions{padding-bottom:0}<style><style id=’cookie-law-info-gdpr-inline-css’type=’text/css’>.cli-modal-content,.cli-tab-content{background-color:#fff}.cli-privacy-content-text,.cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog,.cli-tab-container p,a.cli-privacy-readmore{color:#000}.cli-tab-header{background-color:#f2f2f2}.cli-tab-header,.cli-tab-header a.cli-nav-link,span.cli-necessary-caption,.cli-switch .cli-slider:after{color:#000}.cli-switch .cli-slider:before{background-color:#fff}.cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider:before{background-color:#fff}.cli-switch .cli-slider{background-color:#e3e1e8}.cli-switch input:checked+.cli-slider{background-color:#28a745}.cli-modal-close svg{fill:#000}.cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-all-btn{background-color:#00acad;color:#fff}.cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn{background-color:#00acad;color:#fff}.cli-tab-header a:before{border-right:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000}
</style>
<script>
window.addEventListener(“load”, function() {
setTimeout(function() {
var s = document.createElement(“script”);
s.src = “https://www.fairobserver.com/wp-content/themes/fo2023/js/gdpr-cookie.js”;
document.body.appendChild(s);
}, 5000); // 15000 ms = 15 seconds
});
</script> –>
<!– Page optimized by LiteSpeed Cache @2026-10-24 06:52:51 –>

<!– Page cached by LiteSpeed Cache 7.9.2 on 2026-10-24 06:52:51 –>

Source: World Politics - fairobserver.com

Entrenched US and Iranian Strategies Make Renewed War Inevitable

Tom Kean had everything going for him. Then the Republican New Jersey congressman disappeared

Smart TVs could take longer to switch on as UK seeks to follow EU rule

ITALIAN LANGUAGE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE