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    COP16 Talks in Colombia Adopt a Novel Way to Pay for Conservation

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    The meeting created a fund that would compensate countries for the use of genetic information.Diplomats from roughly 180 countries ended two weeks of environmental talks on Saturday after agreeing on a new fund that would shift some of the profits from nature’s DNA to global conservation efforts.The agreement calls for companies that make money from genetic information stored in databases, known as digital sequence information, to pay into a fund as a sort of fee for the use of biodiversity.Scientific advances have made it easier and cheaper for researchers to sequence genetic material. That means there are now vast amounts available in databases for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biotechnology and other companies to analyze as they seek to develop new products.Delegates at the talks, known as COP16, shorthand for the 16th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, called the agreement an important breakthrough.“Conservation is mostly funded by governments and philanthropy,” said Amber Scholz, who leads the science policy department at Leibniz Institute DSMZ, a German research institute that focuses on microbial and cellular biodiversity. “Now, businesses that profit from biodiversity will pay into a new fund.”The final declaration made the fund voluntary, saying that companies “should” contribute.The agreement lays out specifics on how much they should pay: 1 percent of their profits or 0.1 percent of their revenue, as a guideline. Governments are “invited” to take legislative or other measures to require companies to contribute.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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      in Elections

      One-Third of World’s Trees Face Extinction Risk, Report at COP16 Says

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      They play an essential role in supporting life on Earth, but many species are in decline, researchers found.More than a third of the world’s tree species are threatened with extinction, according to the first comprehensive assessment of trees by the world’s leading scientific authority on the status of species.The findings, announced on Monday by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, are especially sobering given the amount of life that trees sustain. Countless species of other plants, animals and fungi rely on forest ecosystems. Trees are also fundamental to regulating water, nutrients and planet-warming carbon.“Trees are essential to support life on Earth through their vital role in ecosystems, and millions of people depend on them for their lives and livelihoods,” Grethel Aguilar, director general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, said in a statement.The tree assessment is considered comprehensive because it includes more than 80 percent of known tree species. In all, 38 percent were found to be at risk of extinction. More than a thousand experts from around the world contributed.Island biodiversity is particularly vulnerable, in part because those species often have small populations that exist nowhere else, and island trees accounted for the highest proportion of trees threatened with extinction. In Madagascar, for example, numerous species of rosewoods and ebonies are threatened. In Borneo, 99 species in the family of trees called Dipterocarpaceae are imperiled. In Cuba, fewer than 75 mature individuals of the red-flowered Harpalyce macrocarpa, known in Spanish as maiden’s blood, remain.Around the world, the biggest threats to trees are agriculture and logging, followed by urbanization, said Emily Beech, head of conservation prioritization at Botanic Gardens Conservation International, a nonprofit group that led the research now included in the Red List.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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      in Elections

      Kelly’s Comments About Trump, Fascism and Hitler

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      More from our inbox:Election DisinformationA Trump Voter ParadoxHarris Donation RequestsLagging on BiodiversityBreeding PandasJohn Kelly, a former White House chief of staff, in 2018.Doug Mills/The New York TimesTo the Editor:Re “Ex-Chief of Staff Says Trump Would Rule Like Dictator” (news article, Oct. 24):America, please listen to and heed the warnings of John Kelly. This is real, Donald Trump is not bluffing — he will rule like a dictator.Some of the many examples that back this up: Look at how Mr. Trump so viciously treated John McCain and Mark Milley, showing how he has no respect for our military. Look at how Mr. Trump demands absolute loyalty to him.Remember when he stood with Vladimir Putin in Helsinki and believed Mr. Putin over our own intelligence and security services. Recall the articles we have read about Mr. Trump’s advisers continuing to look for ways to expand presidential powers.And perhaps most dangerous of all, look at all the Republicans in Congress who continue to remain silent as Mr. Trump takes even more actions and makes statements that indicate his favoring an authoritarian regime. These Republicans will play a giant role in ushering in such a regime.The writing is on the wall; John Kelly has put it there. Believe him.Howard HermanSkokie, Ill.To the Editor:As a little girl I lived in World War II Nazi-occupied Amsterdam, where I personally witnessed Hitler’s fascist thugs break into people’s homes with the goal of exterminating those whom they deemed inferior: Jews, the disabled, the very old or those with special needs, and those who did not obey the dictator and were killed for daring to listen to a foreign radio broadcast or hiding a Jewish child.I survived and lived a long life because brave young Americans at the end of the war risked their lives to free us from that horrific brutality. I cannot believe that now 80 years later, some of the descendants of those brave young men are willing to elect a man to the presidency who we have been warned by his own generals is a “fascist” who admires Hitler.

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var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-warning-hover-h:40;–ink-color-warning-hover-s:100%;–ink-color-warning-hover-l:50%;–ink-color-warning-hover-a:1;–ink-color-warning-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-warning-h,40),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-s,100%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-l,50%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-warning-active-h:40;–ink-color-warning-active-s:100%;–ink-color-warning-active-l:50%;–ink-color-warning-active-a:1;–ink-color-warning-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-warning-h,40),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-s,100%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-l,50%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-warning-subdued-h:40;–ink-color-warning-subdued-s:100%;–ink-color-warning-subdued-l:50%;–ink-color-warning-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-warning-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-warning-h,40),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-s,100%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-l,50%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-warning-disabled-h:40;–ink-color-warning-disabled-s:100%;–ink-color-warning-disabled-l:50%;–ink-color-warning-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-warning-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-warning-h,40),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-s,100%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-l,50%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-border-h:0;–ink-color-border-s:0%;–ink-color-border-l:0%;–ink-color-border-a:0.176;–ink-color-border:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 1));–ink-color-border-hover-h:0;–ink-color-border-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-border-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-border-hover-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 2));–ink-color-border-active-h:0;–ink-color-border-active-s:0%;–ink-color-border-active-l:0%;–ink-color-border-active-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 4));–ink-color-border-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-border-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-border-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-border-subdued-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 0.6));–ink-color-border-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-border-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-border-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-border-disabled-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 0.38));–ink-color-rule-h:0;–ink-color-rule-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 1));–ink-color-rule-hover-h:0;–ink-color-rule-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-hover-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 2));–ink-color-rule-active-h:0;–ink-color-rule-active-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-active-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-active-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 4));–ink-color-rule-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-rule-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-subdued-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 0.6));–ink-color-rule-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-rule-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-disabled-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 0.38));–ink-color-onPrimary-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onPrimary-active-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-active-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-active-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onSecondary-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onSecondary-active-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-active-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-active-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onSuccess-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onSuccess-active-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-active-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-active-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onCritical-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onCritical-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-hover-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onCritical-active-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-active-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-active-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onWarning-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onWarning-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onWarning-active-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-active-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-active-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-overlay-h:0;–ink-color-overlay-s:0%;–ink-color-overlay-l:0%;–ink-color-overlay-a:0.302;–ink-color-overlay:hsla(var(–ink-color-overlay-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-s,0%) + 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(min-width:600px){.css-1h11moz{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:auto;margin:0 auto;gap:4px;}}Ariana Drehsler for The New York Times; Henry Romero/Reuters

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      in Elections

      U.N. Report on Climate Goals Says Countries Have Made No Progress

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      An annual assessment by the world body tracks the gulf between what countries have vowed to do and what they’ve actually achieved.One year after world leaders made a landmark promise to move away from fossil fuels, countries have essentially made no progress in cutting emissions and tackling global warming, according to a United Nations report issued on Thursday.Global greenhouse gas emissions soared to a record 57 gigatons last year and are not on track to decline much, if at all, this decade, the report found. Collectively, nations have been so slow to curtail their use of oil, gas and coal that it now looks unlikely that countries will be able to limit global warming to the levels they agreed to under the 2015 Paris climate agreement.“Another year passed without action means we’re worse off,” said Anne Olhoff, a climate policy expert based in Denmark and a co-author of the assessment, known as the Emissions Gap Report.The report comes a month before diplomats from around the world are scheduled to meet in Baku, Azerbaijan, for annual United Nations climate talks, where countries will discuss how they might step up efforts to address global warming.Lately, those efforts have faced huge obstacles.Even though renewable energy sources like wind and solar are growing rapidly around the world, demand for electricity has been rising even faster, which means countries are still burning more fossil fuels each year. Geopolitical conflicts, from the U.S.-China rivalry to war in places like Ukraine and Gaza, have made international cooperation on climate change harder. And rich countries have failed to keep their financial promises to help poor countries shift away from oil, gas and coal.At last year’s climate talks in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, representatives from nearly every nation approved a pact that called for “transitioning away from fossil fuels” and accelerating climate action this decade. But the agreement was vague on how to do so and on which countries should do what, and so far there has been little follow-through.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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      in Elections

      How a Crisis for Vultures Led to a Human Disaster: Half a Million Deaths

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      The birds were accidentally poisoned in India. New research on what happened next shows how wildlife collapse can be deadly for people.To say that vultures are underappreciated would be putting it mildly. With their diet of carrion and their featherless heads, the birds are often viewed with disgust. But they have long provided a critical cleaning service by devouring the dead.Now, economists have put an excruciating figure on just how vital they can be: The sudden near-disappearance of vultures in India about two decades ago led to more than half a million excess human deaths over five years, according to a forthcoming study in the American Economic Review.Rotting livestock carcasses, no longer picked to the bones by vultures, polluted waterways and fed an increase in feral dogs, which can carry rabies. It was “a really huge negative sanitation shock,” said Anant Sudarshan, one of the study’s authors and an economics professor at the University of Warwick in England.The findings reveal the unintended consequences that can occur from the collapse of wildlife, especially animals known as keystone species for the outsize roles they play in their ecosystems. Increasingly, economists are seeking to measure such impacts.A study looking at the United States, for example, has suggested that the loss of ash trees to the invasive emerald ash borer increased deaths related to cardiovascular and respiratory illness. And in Wisconsin, researchers found that the presence of wolves reduced vehicle collisions with deer by about a quarter, creating an economic benefit that was 63 times greater than the cost of wolves killing livestock.“Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning do matter to human beings,” said Eyal Frank, an economist at the University of Chicago and one of the authors of the new vulture study. “And it’s not always the charismatic and fuzzy species.”We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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      U.S. Plan to Protect Oceans Has a Problem, Some Say: Too Much Fishing

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      An effort to protect 30 percent of land and waters would count some commercial fishing zones as conserved areas.New details of the Biden administration’s signature conservation effort, made public this month amid a burst of other environmental announcements, have alarmed some scientists who study marine protected areas because the plan would count certain commercial fishing zones as conserved.The decision could have ripple effects around the world as nations work toward fulfilling a broader global commitment to safeguard 30 percent of the entire planet’s land, inland waters and seas. That effort has been hailed as historic, but the critical question of what, exactly, counts as conserved is still being decided.This early answer from the Biden administration is worrying, researchers say, because high-impact commercial fishing is incompatible with the goals of the efforts.“Saying that these areas that are touted to be for biodiversity conservation should also do double duty for fishing as well, especially highly impactful gears that are for large-scale commercial take, there’s just a cognitive dissonance there,” said Kirsten Grorud-Colvert, a marine biologist at Oregon State University who led a group of scientists that in 2021 published a guide for evaluating marine protected areas.The debate is unfolding amid a global biodiversity crisis that is speeding extinctions and eroding ecosystems, according to a landmark intergovernmental assessment. As the natural world degrades, its ability to give humans essentials like food and clean water also diminishes. The primary driver of biodiversity declines in the ocean, the assessment found, is overfishing. Climate change is an additional and ever-worsening threat.Fish are an important source of nutrition for billions of people around the world. Research shows that effectively conserving key areas is an key tool to keep stocks healthy while also protecting other ocean life.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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      in World Politics

      The Year to Protect People and the Planet

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      In October 2021, a vote by the UN Human Rights Council recognized that we all have a right to a safe, healthy and sustainable environment. Our most fundamental human rights are inextricable from the health of the natural world, including the right to adequate food and even the right to life.

      Water World: Is Climate Change Driving Our Future Out to Sea?  

      READ MORE

      The question now is whether governments will respond adequately to the urgent threats to these rights.

      Climate Justice

      Despite grand rhetoric at the COP26 summit, the updated climate pledges, if met, still put the world on track to hit 2.4° Celsius of warming this century. The difference between the 1.5° target of the 2015 Paris Agreement and 2.4° Celsius would be measured in millions of lives — taken by natural disasters, food and water insecurity, displacement and climate-induced conflict.

      To prevent this human rights catastrophe, global leaders must keep 1.5° alive with urgent action, not warm words. Wealthy countries with historic climate debt must immediately end fossil fuel subsidies, cut emissions every year to 2030, rapidly phase out fossil fuels and use public finance for ambitious transitions to renewable energy. This transition would be the greatest investment in human history.

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      However, leaders must also recognize that the climate crisis is already here now. Support must be provided for those most badly affected, who are often those doing the least to cause this crisis. In particular, climate refugees urgently need an international legal framework to allow them to move safely and with dignity. Despite more people being displaced by the changing climate than by war, they are falling through the gaps, with no binding legal protections.

      This year features the inaugural International Migration Review Forum at the United Nations. It’s time for action over climate refugees.

      Ocean Emergency

      Another essential resolution for world leaders in 2022 is to protect the blue beating heart of our planet. The ocean is our greatest carbon sink, home to extraordinary wildlife and directly depended upon by millions of people for livelihoods and food. However, we need to start supporting the ocean in return.

      This means ending harmful fisheries subsidies at the World Trade Organization. These subsidies drive carbon emissions and ecosystem collapse and imperil human rights. This year must also see an end to bottom trawling in protected areas, greater transparency in global fisheries — our most essential tool in the fight against illegal fishing and human rights abuses at sea ­— and a true recognition of the vital role played by ocean wildlife in keeping our climate stable.

      The 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) is one moment where the world’s eyes will be on wildlife and biodiversity. After all, the flagship Aichi targets on biodiversity were missed and world leaders must resolve this year to truly step up to protect and restore nature. We are in an age of mass extinction with wildlife in precipitous decline.

      This destruction of the complex web of life on Earth is inherently wrong, but it also directly threatens us. All our most basic human rights depend on a thriving natural world, and as we erode it, we also expose ourselves to more climate disasters, food insecurity, pandemics and devastating environmental injustice.

      Taking Responsibility

      As well as action, establishing accountability is going to be a key test of world leaders this year. Just 100 companies have been responsible for 71% of greenhouse gas emissions since 1988. The biggest polluters have had plenty of opportunities to voluntarily cut their emissions and protect human rights and have failed to do so. Strong laws, alongside rigorous and consistent enforcement, are now needed to prevent environmental and human rights abuses from occurring in their supply chains.

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      EU legislation on sustainable corporate governance was due to advance last year, in order to increase corporate accountability and promote environmental standards and human rights around the world. This has again been delayed. This legislation must now be pushed through quickly and not be watered down.

      The planetary emergency is here, but there is still hope. We can still make 2022 the year we finally take serious action to protect people and the planet — the solutions already exist. The New Year’s resolutions of our leaders should be to speed up the transition to zero carbon emissions, protect and restore nature, establish accountability for those destroying it, and put human rights and environmental justice at the heart of their decision-making. If they can finally do this, we can have a world where people and nature thrive, supported by one another.

      *[Steve Trent is the executive director and co-founder of the Environmental Justice Foundation.]

      The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy. More