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Fears of Gridlock in France After Macron Is Left With Fragmented Parliament
President Emmanuel Macron lost his absolute majority in the lower house. Opposition groups have threatened to block his domestic agenda and called for the resignation of his prime minister.PARIS — President Emmanuel Macron’s ability to govern effectively was in question on Monday after he lost his absolute majority in the lower house of Parliament in France, with opposition groups threatening to block his legislative agenda and openly calling for the resignation of his prime minister.After nationwide voting on Sunday, Mr. Macron’s centrist coalition finished first overall, with 245 seats, but it fell far short of the absolute majority that it enjoyed in the 577-seat National Assembly during his first term, fueling fears of political gridlock.“Ungovernable!” read the front page of Le Parisien, a daily newspaper.Much was still uncertain on Monday after the elections, which produced a complex and fragmented political landscape with three main opposition groups: a left-wing alliance, the far right, and mainstream conservatives. All won enough seats to potentially hamstring Mr. Macron’s legislative agenda, but they are also deeply opposed to each other in various ways, limiting the prospect of a broad, tenable anti-Macron coalition.Still, this much was clear: After five years of relatively smooth sailing in a National Assembly dominated by his party and its allies, Mr. Macron’s second-term agenda is in for a rough ride.“My biggest fear is that the country will be blocked,” Olivia Grégoire, a spokeswoman for Mr. Macron’s government, told France Inter radio on Monday. She said that a coming bill to help French households deal with rising inflation was a top priority and would be a first test of the weakened majority’s ability to build consensus.Mr. Macron must now contend with parliamentary constraints that he had mostly been able to circumvent during his first term. His party will not be able to readily dismiss opposition amendments, for instance, and legislative debates could be much harsher.Jean-Luc Mélenchon, leader of a French hard-left opposition party, speaking to supporters after early results returned on Sunday night.Gonzalo Fuentes/Reuters“It’s like going from a very strong presidential regime to a parliamentary regime,” said Chloé Morin, a political scientist at the Jean-Jaurès Foundation, a progressive think tank. “It moves the center of power to the National Assembly.”But, she added, unlike other European nations, where political parties are used to hammering out coalitions and compromises, that “is neither the culture of politicians nor of the French people.”“We have a culture of verticality,” she said, with extensive presidential powers, and after five years of Mr. Macron’s top-down governing style, none of his opponents appeared inclined to work with him.Instead, Ms. Morin predicted months of gridlock in the National Assembly, which could prompt Mr. Macron to dissolve the body and call new parliamentary elections some time next year.France’s presidents can rule by decree on some issues, and they have a relatively free rein to conduct foreign policy. But major domestic overhauls promised by Mr. Macron during his re-election campaign this year require a bill in Parliament, such as his contentious plans to raise the legal age of retirement to 65, from 62, which Mr. Macron had vowed to get done by the summer of 2023.The fate of such bills is now in jeopardy. Mr. Macron will most likely be forced to seek a coalition or build short-term alliances with opposition forces if he wants to push through legislation. A natural fit would be Les Républicains, the mainstream conservative party, which, on paper at least, could back some of Mr. Macron’s pro-business policies.“It’s not completely blocked, it’s a suspended Parliament,” said Vincent Martigny, a professor of political science at the University of Nice, adding that Mr. Macron “is now completely in the hands of Les Républicains.”But leaders from Les Républicains, some of whom are worried that a long-term coalition with Mr. Macron would incur the anger of their political base, have already ruled out a partnership.Voting in Paris on Sunday. Although Mr. Macron’s coalition finished first overall, it fell far short of the absolute majority that it enjoyed during his first term.Yoan Valat/EPA, via Shutterstock“We campaigned in the opposition, we are in the opposition and we will remain in the opposition,” Christian Jacob, the party’s president, said on Sunday night. “Things are very clear,” he added.The two largest opposition forces in Parliament — a broad coalition of left-wing parties, which secured 131 seats; and Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally, which took 89 — have all but promised to challenge Mr. Macron’s government relentlessly.Representatives from both forces wasted no time on Monday as they called for the resignation of Élisabeth Borne, the prime minister appointed by Mr. Macron last month.“The government as formed by Emmanuel Macron cannot continue to govern as if nothing had happened,” Manuel Bompard, a member of the hard-left France Unbowed party, told the French channel BFMTV on Monday. With 72 seats, France Unbowed, under its leader, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, is the biggest force in the left-wing coalition.French prime ministers traditionally resign even after victorious parliamentary elections, only to be immediately reappointed by the president and tasked with tweaking the existing cabinet at the margins.It was unclear what Mr. Macron, who has not yet said anything publicly about the results, would do in the short term. He had vowed that ministers who lost their parliamentary races would have to quit; three fall into that category and will need to be replaced, if Mr. Macron follows through. The president could decide to address voter frustrations by reshuffling his cabinet more extensively.Opposition forces are now expected to control key committees, such as the powerful finance committee that oversees the state budget, and to fill strategic positions in the National Assembly.“They can do everything that Emmanuel Macron doesn’t like, that is, force his hand on some amendments, force him into debates,” Mr. Martigny said.Mr. Macron also lost key allies who would have helped him navigate the National Assembly’s newly treacherous waters and manage its reinvigorated opposition. Richard Ferrand, the president of the lower house, and Christophe Castaner, who was one of Mr. Macron’s top lawmakers there, both lost their seats.Marine Le Pen in Hénin-Beaumont, northern France, on Sunday. She was handily re-elected, and she led her far-right National Rally party to a tally of 89 seats overall.Denis Charlet/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesThe left-wing coalition and the National Rally both have enough lawmakers to bring a vote of no confidence, but they would need to muster an absolute majority in Parliament to bring down the government, which seems unlikely at the moment.“Yes, we are asking for everything that an opposition group is entitled to, the finance committee of course, the vice presidency, of course,” Ms. Le Pen told reporters on Monday. “Will Emmanuel Macron be able to do what he wants? No, and so much the better.”Ms. Le Pen, who was handily re-elected to her own seat in the National Assembly, managed to bring with her a record number of lawmakers, who are now about 10 times as numerous as they were during Mr. Macron’s previous term.That will enable the party to officially form what is known as a parliamentary group, giving the National Rally more speaking time, as well as specific legislative powers such as the ability to create special committees, further anchoring the party in the political mainstream.French political parties receive public funding based on factors that include their election results and their number of seats in Parliament, meaning that the National Rally’s spectacular surge will also bring a welcome financial windfall to a party that has long been indebted.The party is expected to receive almost 10 million euros, about $10.5 million, in public funding every year, compared to around €5 million during the previous term. That could be enough to finally pay off the €9.6 million that remains of a loan the National Rally contracted with a Russian bank in 2014, which has prompted accusations of the party’s having close ties to the Kremlin.Analysts said the surge of the far right was a failure for Mr. Macron, who five years ago began his first term by pledging to unite the French so that there would be “no reason at all to vote for the extremes.”But Ms. Morin and Mr. Martigny also noted that the National Assembly now offered a more accurate photograph of the French political landscape, including with the arrival of more working-class lawmakers.“That’s rather good news,” Mr. Martigny said. “It will force changes in a political culture that was not particularly favorable to parliamentary debates.” More
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Before He Ran for President, Gustavo Petro Was a Guerrilla Fighter
Long before Gustavo Petro emerged as the apparently victorious leftist candidate for president, he was part of the M-19, an urban guerrilla group that sought to seize power through violence in the name of promoting social justice.For some Colombian voters, his past was a source of concern after decades of armed conflict. For others, it offered a sign of hope for one of most inequitable countries in Latin America.The M-19 was born in 1970 as a response to alleged fraud in that year’s presidential elections. It was far smaller than the country’s main guerrilla force, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, which was Marxist and sought haven in Colombia’s jungles and rural areas.The M-19 was an urban military group formed by university students, activists and artists who wanted to topple a governing system they believed failed to bridge a chronic divide between the rich and the poor.“The M-19 was born in arms to build a democracy,” Mr. Petro told The New York Times in an interview.It originally tried to promote a Robin Hood image, robbing milk from supermarket trucks to distribute in poor neighborhoods and, in a symbolic act of rebellion, stole a sword from a museum that Simón Bolívar used in Colombia’s war for independence.Mr. Petro, 62, joined the group when he was 17 and an economics student, dismayed by the poverty he witnessed in the town where has living, outside Bogotá, the capital.While the M-19 was less brutal than other rebel groups, it did orchestrate what is considered one of the bloodiest acts in the country’s recent history: the 1985 siege of Colombia’s national judicial building that led to a battle with the police and the military, leaving 94 people dead.The group also stole 5,000 weapons from the Colombian military and used kidnapping as a tactic to try to wrest concessions from the government.Mr. Petro, who spent 10 years in the M-19, largely stockpiled stolen weapons, said Sandra Borda, a political science professor at the University of the Andes in Bogotá.“What’s key is that he wasn’t part of the main circle who made the decisions in M-19. He was very young at that moment,” she said. “He didn’t participate in the most important operations of the M-19, the military operations.”At the time of the justice building takeover, Mr. Petro was in prison for his involvement with the group and he has described being beaten and electrocuted by the authorities.The group eventually demobilized in 1990, which was considered one of the most successful peace processes in the country’s long history of conflict. It turned into a political party that helped rewrite the country’s constitution to focus more on equality and human rights.Mr. Petro ran for Senate as a member of the party, launching his political career.Sofía Villamil More
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Gustavo Petro gana las elecciones y será el primer presidente de izquierda de Colombia
La victoria del exrebelde y senador veterano sitúa al tercer país más poblado de América Latina en un nuevo rumbo.BOGOTÁ, Colombia — Por primera vez, Colombia tendrá un presidente de izquierda.Gustavo Petro, un exrebelde y legislador con experiencia, ganó las elecciones presidenciales de Colombia el domingo, movilizando a los votantes frustrados por décadas de pobreza y desigualdad con gobiernos conservadores, con promesas de ampliar los programas sociales, poner impuestos a los ricos y alejarse de una economía que él ha calificado de excesivamente dependiente de los combustibles fósiles.Su victoria sitúa al tercer país más poblado de América Latina en una senda muy incierta, justo cuando se enfrenta a un aumento de la pobreza y la violencia que ha enviado a un número récord de colombianos hacia la frontera con Estados Unidos; a los altos niveles de deforestación en la Amazonía colombiana, un amortiguador clave contra el cambio climático; y a una creciente desconfianza en las instituciones democráticas clave, algo que se ha convertido en una tendencia en la región.Petro, de 62 años, obtuvo más del 50 por ciento de los votos, con más del 99 por ciento escrutado el domingo por la noche. Su contrincante, Rodolfo Hernández, un magnate de la construcción que entusiasmó al país con una plataforma anticorrupción, obtuvo algo más del 47 por ciento.Poco después de conocerse los resultados de la votación, Hernández reconoció la victoria de Petro.“Colombianos, hoy la mayoría de ciudadanos que votaron, lo han hecho escogiendo al otro candidato”, dijo. “Como lo expresé reiteradamente, acepto el resultado”.Petro subió al escenario flanqueado por Francia Márquez, su elección para vicepresidenta, y tres de sus hijos. El estadio, repleto, se volvió loco. La gente estaba de pie en los asientos y sostenía en alto sus celulares.“Esta historia que estamos escribiendo en este momento es una historia nueva para Colombia, para América Latina, para el mundo”, dijo. “No vamos a traicionar este electorado”.Prometió gobernar con lo que llamó “la política del amor”, basada en la esperanza, el diálogo y la comprensión.Francia Márquez durante un evento de campaña el mes pasado en Yumbo, Colombia.Federico Rios para The New York TimesPoco más de 58 por ciento de los 39 millones de electores de Colombia emitieron su voto, según las cifras oficiales.La victoria significa que Márquez, una activista medioambiental que salió de la pobreza para convertirse en una destacada defensora de la justicia social, se convertirá en la primera vicepresidenta negra del país.La victoria de Petro y Márquez refleja un fervor antisistema que se ha extendido por toda Latinoamérica, donde la pandemia ha exacerbado el enfado con problemas de larga data, como la falta de oportunidades.“El país entero está pidiendo un cambio”, dijo Fernando Posada, un politólogo colombiano, “y eso es clarísimo”.En abril, los costarricenses eligieron a la presidencia a Rodrigo Chaves, un exfuncionario del Banco Mundial y outsider de la política del país que aprovechó el descontento generalizado con el partido en el poder. El año pasado, Chile, Perú y Honduras votaron por líderes de izquierda que compitieron contra candidatos derechistas, lo que amplió una tendencia que ya lleva varios años en América Latina.Como candidato, Petro ha entusiasmado a una generación que es la más educada de la historia de Colombia, pero que también se enfrenta a una inflación anual del 10 por ciento, una tasa de desempleo juvenil del 20 por ciento y una tasa de pobreza del 40 por ciento. Sus mítines a menudo estaban llenos de jóvenes, muchos de los cuales decían sentirse traicionados por décadas de líderes que habían hecho grandes promesas, pero que habían cumplido poco.“No conformarnos con la mediocridad que viene de las generaciones pasadas”, dijo Larry Rico, de 23 años, un votante a favor de Petro en un sitio de votación de Ciudad Bolívar, un barrio pobre de la capital, Bogotá.La victoria de Petro es aún más significativa debido a la historia del país. Durante décadas, el gobierno luchó contra una brutal insurgencia izquierdista conocida como las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, o FARC, y el estigma del conflicto dificultó el florecimiento de una izquierda legítima.Pero las FARC firmaron un acuerdo de paz con el gobierno en 2016, dejando las armas y abriendo espacio para un discurso político más amplio.Petro había formado parte de otro grupo rebelde, llamado M-19, que se desmovilizó en 1990 y se convirtió en un partido político que ayudó a reescribir la constitución del país. Con el tiempo, Petro se convirtió en un líder contundente de la oposición del país, conocido por denunciar los abusos a los derechos humanos y la corrupción.Votantes emitiendo sus votos en las elecciones presidenciales de Colombia, en Bucaramanga, el domingo.Nathalia Angarita para The New York TimesEl domingo, en una zona acomodada de Bogotá, Francisco Ortiz, de 67 años y director de televisión, dijo que también había votado por Petro.“Creo que hacía mucho tiempo no teníamos una oportunidad como esta para cambiar”, dijo. “Que si es mejor, mejor, no lo sé, pero si seguimos en lo mismo, sí sabemos qué es lo que vamos a tener”.La victoria también podría poner a prueba la relación de Estados Unidos con su aliado más fuerte en América Latina. Tradicionalmente, Colombia ha sido la piedra angular de la política de Washington en la región.Pero Petro ha criticado lo que él llama el enfoque fallido de Estados Unidos en la guerra contra las drogas, al decir que se ha centrado demasiado en la erradicación del cultivo de coca, el producto base de la cocaína, y no lo suficiente en el desarrollo rural y otras medidas.Petro ha dicho que apoya alguna forma de legalización de las drogas, que renegociará un acuerdo comercial existente con Estados Unidos para beneficiar mejor a los colombianos y que restaurará las relaciones con el gobierno autoritario del presidente Nicolás Maduro de Venezuela, todo lo cual podría crear conflictos con Washington.Unos dos millones de migrantes venezolanos han huido a Colombia en los últimos años en medio de una crisis económica, política y humanitaria.Soldados colombianos en una zona de cultivos de coca cerca de la frontera con Venezuela. Estados Unidos ha desembolsado miles de millones de dólares en las últimas dos décadas para reducir la producción y exportación de cocaína, sin grandes resultados.Federico Rios para The New York TimesEn una entrevistade este año, Petro dijo que creía que podría trabajar bien con el gobierno del presidente Joe Biden, y agregó que su relación con los Estados Unidos se centraría en el trabajo conjunto para hacer frente al cambio climático, específicamente para detener la rápida erosión de la Amazonía.“Ahí hay un punto de diálogo”, dijo. “Porque salvar la selva amazónica implica unos instrumentos, unos programas, que hoy no existen por lo menos con respecto a Estados Unidos. Es, en mi opinión, la prioridad”.Tanto Petro como Hernández se impusieron a Federico Gutiérrez, exalcalde de una gran ciudad respaldado por la élite conservadora, en la primera vuelta de la votación del 29 de mayo, lo que los llevó a una segunda vuelta.Ambos se habían autodenominado candidatos antisistema, diciendo que se presentaban contra una clase política que había controlado el país durante generaciones.Uno de los factores que más les distinguía era su visión de la raíz de los problemas del país.Petro piensa que el sistema económico está roto, que depende demasiado de la exportación de petróleo y de un negocio floreciente e ilegal de cocaína que, según él, ha hecho que los ricos sean más ricos y los pobres más pobres. Exige detener las nuevas exploraciones petroleras, un cambio hacia el desarrollo de otras industrias.También ha dicho que introducirá el trabajo garantizado con una renta básica, hará que el país pase a tener un sistema de salud controlado públicamente y aumentará el acceso a la educación superior, en parte subiendo los impuestos a los ricos.“Hoy lo que tenemos es un resultado de esto que yo llamo el agotamiento del modelo”, dijo Petro en la entrevista mencionada, refiriéndose al sistema económico actual. “El resultado final es un empobrecimiento brutal”.Sin embargo, su ambicioso plan económico ha suscitado preocupaciones. Un exministro de Hacienda definió su plan energético como un “suicidio económico”.Hernández no propuso modificar el marco económico, pero dijo que era ineficiente porque está plagado de corrupción y gastos frívolos. Pidió que algunos ministerios se fusionaran; propuso eliminar algunas embajadas y despedir a los empleados gubernamentales ineficientes y que el dinero que se ahorrara con esas medidas se utilizara para ayudar a los pobres.Hernández durante un evento de campaña este mes en Barranquilla, Colombia.Federico Rios for The New York TimesUna partidaria de Hernández, Nilia Mesa de Reyes, de 70 años, profesora de ética jubilada que votó en un sector adinerado de Bogotá, dijo que las políticas de izquierda de Petro, y su pasado con el M-19, la aterrorizaban. “Estamos pensando en irnos del país”, dijo.Los críticos de Petro, incluidos antiguos aliados, lo han acusado de una arrogancia que lo lleva a ignorar a sus asesores y a batallar para lograr consenso. Cuando asuma el cargo en agosto, se enfrentará a una sociedad profundamente polarizada en la que las encuestas muestran una creciente desconfianza en casi todas las instituciones importantes.Ha prometido ser presidente de todos los colombianos, no solo de quienes votaron por él.El domingo, en una secundaria convertida en lugar de votación en Bogotá, Ingrid Forrero, de 31 años, dijo que veía una división generacional en su comunidad, con los jóvenes apoyando a Petro y las generaciones mayores a favor de Hernández.Su propia familia la llama la “guerrillerita” por su apoyo a Petro, a quien dijo preferir por sus políticas sobre la educación y la desigualdad salarial.“La juventud está más inclinada hacia la revolución”, dijo, “hacia la izquierda, hacia un cambio”.Megan Janetsky More
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Gustavo Petro Wins the Election, Becoming Colombia’s First Leftist Leader
The former rebel and longtime senator’s victory sets the third largest nation in Latin America on a sharply new path.BOGOTÁ, Colombia — For the first time, Colombia will have a leftist president.Gustavo Petro, a former rebel and a longtime legislator, won Colombia’s presidential election on Sunday, galvanizing voters frustrated by decades of poverty and inequality under conservative leaders, with promises to expand social programs, tax the wealthy and move away from an economy he has called overly reliant on fossil fuels.His victory sets the third largest nation in Latin America on a sharply uncertain path, just as it faces rising poverty and violence that have sent record numbers of Colombians to the United States border; high levels of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon, a key buffer against climate change; and a growing distrust of key democratic institutions, which has become a trend in the region.Mr. Petro, 62, received more than 50 percent of the vote, with more than 99 percent counted Sunday evening. His opponent, Rodolfo Hernández, a construction magnate who had energized the country with a scorched-earth anti-corruption platform, won just over 47 percent.Shortly after the vote, Mr. Hernández conceded to Mr. Petro.“Colombians, today the majority of citizens have chosen the other candidate,” he said. “As I said during the campaign, I accept the results of this election.”Mr. Petro took the stage Sunday night flanked by his vice-presidential pick, Francia Márquez, and three of his children. The packed stadium went wild, with people standing on chairs and holding phones aloft.“This story that we are writing today is a new story for Colombia, for Latin America, for the world,” he said. “We are not going to betray this electorate.”He pledged to govern with what he has called “the politics of love,” based on hope, dialogue and understanding.Just over 58 percent of Colombia’s 39 million voters turned out to cast a ballot, according to official figures.The victory means that Ms. Márquez, an environmental activist who rose from poverty to become a prominent advocate for social justice, will become the country’s first Black vice president.Francia Márquez, at a campaign event last month in Yumbo, Colombia.Federico Rios for The New York TimesMr. Petro and Ms. Márquez’s victory reflects an anti-establishment fervor that has spread across Latin America, exacerbated by the pandemic and other longstanding issues, including a lack of opportunity.“The entire country is begging for change,” said Fernando Posada, a Colombian political scientist, “and that is absolutely clear.”In April, Costa Ricans elected to the presidency Rodrigo Chaves, a former World Bank official and political outsider, who took advantage of widespread discontent with the incumbent party. Last year, Chile, Peru and Honduras voted for leftist leaders running against candidates on the right, extending a significant, multiyear shift across Latin America.As a candidate, Mr. Petro had energized a generation that is the most educated in Colombian history, but is also dealing with 10 percent annual inflation, a 20 percent youth unemployment rate and a 40 percent poverty rate. His rallies were often full of young people, many of whom said they feel betrayed by decades of leaders who had made grand promises, but delivered little.“We’re not satisfied with the mediocrity of past generations,” said Larry Rico, 23, a Petro voter at a polling station in Ciudad Bolívar, a poor neighborhood in Bogotá, the capital.Mr. Petro’s win is all the more significant because of the country’s history. For decades, the government fought a brutal leftist insurgency known as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, with the stigma from the conflict making it difficult for a legitimate left to flourish.But the FARC signed a peace deal with the government in 2016, laying down their arms and opening space for a broader political discourse.Mr. Petro had been part of a different rebel group, called the M-19, which demobilized in 1990, and became a political party that helped rewrite the country’s constitution. Eventually, Mr. Petro became a forceful leader in the country’s opposition, known for denouncing human rights abuses and corruption.Voters cast their ballots in Colombia’s presidential election, in Bucaramanga, on Sunday.Nathalia Angarita for The New York TimesOn Sunday, in a wealthy part of Bogotá, Francisco Ortiz, 67, a television director, said he had also voted for Mr. Petro.“It’s been a long time since we had an opportunity like this for change,” he said. “If things will get better, I don’t know. But if we stick with the same, we already know what we’re going to get.”The win could also test the United States’ relationship with its strongest ally in Latin America. Traditionally, Colombia has formed the cornerstone of Washington’s policy in the region.But Mr. Petro has criticized what he calls the United States’ failed approach to the drug war, saying it has focused too much on eradication of the coca crop, the base product in cocaine, and not enough on rural development and other measures.Mr. Petro has said he embraces some form of drug legalization, that he will renegotiate an existing trade deal with the United States to better benefit Colombians and that he will restore relations with the authoritarian government of president Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, all of which could create conflict with the United States.About two million Venezuelan migrants have fled to Colombia in recent years amid an economic, political and humanitarian crisis.Colombian soldiers in a coca growing area near the border with Venezuela. The United States has spent billions of dollars in Colombia in the past two decades to help its governments halt the production and export of cocaine, to little effect.Federico Rios for The New York TimesMr. Petro, in an interview earlier this year, said he believed he could work well with the government of President Biden, adding that his relationship with the United States would focus on working together to tackle climate change, specifically halting the rapid erosion of the Amazon.“There is a point of dialogue there,” he said. “Because saving the Amazon rainforest involves some instruments, some programs, that do not exist today, at least not with respect to the United States. It is, in my opinion, the priority.”Both Mr. Petro and Mr. Hernández had beaten Federico Gutiérrez, a former big city mayor backed by the conservative elite, in a first round of voting on May 29, sending them to a runoff.Both men had billed themselves as anti-establishment candidates, saying they were running against a political class that had controlled the country for generations.Among the factors that most distinguished them was how they viewed the root of the country’s problems.Mr. Petro believes the economic system is broken, overly reliant on oil export and a flourishing and illegal cocaine business that he said has made the rich richer and poor poorer. He is calling for a halt to all new oil exploration, and a shift to developing other industries.He has also said he will introduce guaranteed work with a basic income, move the country to a publicly controlled health system and increase access to higher education, in part by raising taxes on the rich.“What we have today is the result of what I call ‘the depletion of the model,’” Mr. Petro said in the interview earlier this year, referring to the current economic system. “The end result is a brutal poverty.”His ambitious economic plan has, however, raised concerns. One former finance minister called his energy plan “economic suicide.”Mr. Hernández did not want to overhaul the economic framework, but said it was inefficient because it is riddled with corruption and frivolous spending. He had called for combining ministries, eliminating some embassies and firing inefficient government employees, while using savings to help the poor.Mr. Hernández during a campaign event this month in Barranquilla, Colombia.Federico Rios for The New York TimesOne Hernández supporter, Nilia Mesa de Reyes, 70, a retired ethics professor who voted in an affluent section of Bogotá, said that Mr. Petro’s leftist policies, and his past with the M-19, terrified her. “We’re thinking about leaving the country,” she said.Mr. Petro’s critics, including former allies, have accused him of arrogance that leads him to ignore advisers and struggle to build consensus. When he takes office in August, he will face a deeply polarized society where polls show growing distrust in almost all major institutions.He has vowed to serve as the president of all Colombians, not just those who voted for him.On Sunday, at a high school-turned-polling station in Bogotá, Ingrid Forrero, 31, said she saw a generational divide in her community, with young people supporting Mr. Petro and older generations in favor of Mr. Hernández.Her own family calls her the “little rebel” because of her support for Mr. Petro, whom she said she favors because of his policies on education and income inequality.“The youth is more inclined toward revolution,” she said, “toward the left, toward a change.”Megan Janetsky contributed reporting from Bucaramanga, Colombia, and Sofía Villamil and Genevieve Glatsky contributed reporting from Bogotá. More
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Macron Loses Absolute Majority in Parliament as Opposition Surges
For the first time in 20 years, a newly-elected French president failed to win an absolute majority in Parliament, forcing President Macron to deal with a defiant left and a resurgent far-right.PARIS — Voters in France’s legislative elections dealt President Emmanuel Macron a serious blow on Sunday as his centrist coalition lost its absolute majority in the lower house of Parliament to a resurgent far-right and a defiant alliance of left-wing parties, complicating his domestic agenda for his second term.With all votes counted, Mr. Macron’s centrist coalition won 245 seats in the 577-seat National Assembly, the lower and more powerful house of Parliament. That was more than any other political group, but less than half of all the seats, and far less than the 350 seats Mr. Macron’s party and its allies won when he was first elected in 2017.For the first time in 20 years, a newly elected president failed to muster an absolute majority in the National Assembly. It will not grind Mr. Macron’s domestic agenda to a complete halt, but will likely throw a large wrench into his ability to get bills passed — shifting power back to Parliament after a first term in which his top-down style of governing had mostly marginalized lawmakers.Mr. Macron’s government will likely have to seek a coalition or build short-term alliances on bills, but it was unclear Sunday night how it might go about doing so.The results were a sharp warning from French voters to Mr. Macron, who just months ago convincingly won re-election against Marine Le Pen, the far-right leader. “The Slap” was Monday’s headline on the front page of the left-leaning daily Libération.Élisabeth Borne, Mr. Macron’s prime minister — who won her own race in Normandy — said on Sunday that the results were “unprecedented” and that “this situation constitutes a risk for our country, given the challenges we must face.”“Starting tomorrow we will work on building a majority of action,” she said, suggesting, without giving details, that the government would work with other political parties to “build good compromises.”Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne gives a speech after initials results in the parliamentary elections, at Matignon Palace in Paris Sunday.Pool photo by Ludovic Marin/EPA, via ShutterstockMr. Macron appeared disengaged from the parliamentary elections and did little campaigning himself, seeming more preoccupied by France’s diplomatic efforts to support Ukraine in its war against Russia — which Sunday’s results should not impact, as French presidents can conduct foreign policy mostly as they please.Speaking on an airport tarmac before a trip to Eastern Europe that took him to Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital, this past week, he had urged voters to give him a “solid majority” in the “superior interest of the nation.”But many French voters chose instead to either stay home — only about 46 percent of the French electorate went to the ballot box, according to projections, the second-lowest participation level since 1958 — or to vote for Mr. Macron’s most radical opponents.Several of Mr. Macron’s close allies or cabinet members who were running in the election lost their races, a stinging rebuke for the president, who had vowed that ministers who failed to win a seat would have to resign. Richard Ferrand, the president of the National Assembly, and Amélie de Montchalin, his minister for green transition, were both defeated.“We disappointed a certain number of French people, the message is clear,” Olivia Grégoire, a spokeswoman for Mr. Macron’s government, told France 2 television on Sunday.“It’s a disappointing first place, but it’s a first place nonetheless,” she said, adding that Mr. Macron’s coalition would work in Parliament with “all those who want to move the country forward.”Final results gave the alliance of left-wing parties — which includes the hard-left France Unbowed party, the Socialists, Greens and Communists, and is led by the leftist veteran Jean-Luc Mélenchon — 131 seats, making it the biggest opposition force in the National Assembly. The National Rally, Ms. Le Pen’s far-right party, secured 89 seats, a historic record.Jean-Luc Melenchon in Paris on Sunday.Bertrand Guay/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesÉtienne Ollion, a sociologist teaching at École Polytechnique, said Sunday’s results were “a double surprise.”“It’s the absence of an absolute majority — we saw it coming but did not expect it to be at that level — and on the other hand it’s the strong breakthrough of the National Rally, which is quite spectacular,” he said.With a slim relative majority — the smallest in France’s 63-year-old Fifth Republic, according to Mr. Ollion — and a strong opposition on the left and on the far-right, Mr. Macron’s centrist coalition could struggle to pass bills, potentially forcing him to reach across the aisle to opposing lawmakers on some votes.“The way the president will be able to govern through his prime minister is rather uncertain at the moment,” Mr. Ollion said.It was not immediately clear what other allies Mr. Macron’s coalition might find to form a working majority, although it seemed that the most likely fit would be Les Républicains, the mainstream conservative party, which won 61 seats.Mr. Macron will also be much more dependent on his centrist allies than he was during his first term, especially to pass contentious projects like his plan to raise the legal age of retirement to 65 from 62. That could give more leverage to parties like Horizons, a center-right group founded by Mr. Macron’s former prime minister, Édouard Philippe, who is more of a fiscal hawk. Horizons is expected to win about 25 seats.“We are used to seeing France’s system as centered on the presidency” because it is the most powerful political office in the country, said Olivier Rozenberg, an associate professor at Sciences Po in Paris. But “these legislative elections remind us that our political system is also a parliamentary one at heart.”Mr. Mélenchon and Ms. Le Pen both said on Sunday that they had succeeded in disrupting Mr. Macron’s second term.“The presidential party’s defeat is complete,” Mr. Mélenchon told cheering supporters in Paris. “We reached the political objective that we had set for ourselves.”Mr. Mélenchon failed to achieve his initial goal, which was to seize control of the National Assembly and force Mr. Macron to appoint him prime minister. Major policy differences among coalition members on issues like the European Union could also resurface once the lower house reconvenes later this month.Still, it was a strong showing for left-wing parties that had been largely written off as hopelessly divided during the presidential elections.At the other end of the political spectrum, Ms. Le Pen’s National Rally won many more seats than the handful it has now, and far more than was expected after Ms. Le Pen was defeated by Mr. Macron in the presidential election in April, and then ran a lackluster campaign for the parliamentary one.Ms. Le Pen herself was handily re-elected to her seat in a district in northern France.Marine Le Pen in Henin-Beaumont, northern France, on Sunday.Denis Charlet/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images“This group will be by far the largest in the history of our political family,” she said in a speech on Sunday, promising her supporters that she would defend the party’s hard line on immigration and security.Mr. Macron’s predicament is not unique in modern French history. In 1988, under President François Mitterrand, the Socialist Party was also unable to muster an absolute majority in the National Assembly, forcing it to occasionally poach lawmakers on the left or on the right to pass bills. But that government also had access to tools — like the ability to force a bill through without a ballot, by exposing the government to a confidence vote — that are now far more restricted.Sunday’s vote was also marred by record low turnout, a warning sign for Mr. Macron, who has promised to rule closer to the people for his second term, and a testament to voters’ growing disaffection with French politics.“There is a representation problem,” said Aude Leroux, 44, who lives in Amiens, Mr. Macron’s hometown in northern France, and shunned the ballot box on Sunday.Ms. Leroux, who was heading over to clothing stalls in one of Amiens’ large open-air markets, said she felt like “the most important matter is already settled,” with the end of the presidential race.But Sunday’s result may prove her wrong, as Mr. Macron could be forced into making compromises to pass bills and as opposition forces are expected to control key committees, such as the powerful finance committee that oversees the state budget.“Incredible opportunities will come your way,” Mr. Mélenchon told his leftist lawmakers on Sunday. “You have at your disposal a magnificent fighting tool.”Adèle Cordonnier More
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Antes de dedicarse a la política, Petro formó parte de una guerrilla urbana
Mucho antes de que Gustavo Petro surgiera como un candidato de izquierda a la presidencia de Colombia, fue parte del M-19, un grupo guerrillero urbano que buscaba hacerse del poder en nombre de la justicia social.Para algunos votantes colombianos, su pasado es fuente de preocupación luego de décadas de conflicto armado en el país. Para otros, es una señal de esperanza en uno de los países más desiguales de América Latina.El M-19 nació en 1970 en respuesta a un supuesto fraude en las elecciones presidenciales de ese año. Era mucho más pequeño que la principal fuerza guerrillera del país, las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC, que era marxista y se refugiaba en las selvas y en las zonas rurales colombianas.El M-19 era un grupo militar urbano formado por estudiantes universitarios, activistas y artistas que buscaban derrocar a un sistema de gobierno que consideraban que había fracasado en disminuir una brecha crónica entre ricos y pobres.“El M-19 nació en armas para construir una democracia”, le dijo Petro a The New York Times en una entrevista.Inicialmente, el movimiento intentó promover una imagen al estilo Robin Hood: robaban leche de los camiones de los supermercados para distribuirlos en los barrios pobres y, en un acto de rebelión simbólica, sustrajeron de un museo una espada que Simón Bolívar usó en la guerra de independencia de Colombia.Petro, de 62 años, se unió al grupo cuando era un estudiante de economía de 17 años consternado por la pobreza que veía en el pueblo donde vivía, a las afueras de Bogotá.Si bien el M-19 era menos cruel que otros grupos rebeldes, sí llevó a cabo un acto que es considerado como de los más sangrientos de la historia reciente del país: el sitio del Palacio de Justicia en 1985, que llevó a un enfrentamiento con la policía y el ejército y dejó 94 personas muertas.El grupo también robó 5000 armas del ejército colombiano y recurrió al secuestro como un modo de conseguir concesiones del gobierno.Petro, que pasó 10 años en el M-19, sobre todo almacenaba armas robadas por el grupo, dijo Sandra Borda, profesora de ciencias políticas de la Universidad de los Andes en Bogotá.“Lo que es clave es que no era parte del círculo principal de toma de decisiones del M-19. Estaba muy joven en ese momento”, dijo. “Y no participó tampoco en los operativos más importantes del M-19, los operativos militares”.Al momento de la toma del Palacio de Justicia, Petro se encontraba en prisión por su participación en el grupo; ha contado que las autoridades lo golpearon y electrocutaron.Al final, el grupo terminó por desmovilizarse en 1990 en uno de los procesos de paz que se considera entre los más exitosos en la prolongada historia de conflicto del país. Se convirtió en un partido político que ayudó a reescribir la Constitución del país para hacerla más enfocada a la igualdad y los derechos humanos.Petro se postuló al Senado como integrante del partido, con lo que inauguró su carrera política.Sofía Villamil More
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Francia Márquez Has Just Become Colombia’s First Black Vice President
For the first time in Colombia’s history, a Black woman is close to the top of the executive branch.Francia Márquez, an environmental activist from the mountainous department of Cauca in southwestern Colombia, has become a national phenomenon, mobilizing decades of voter frustration, and becoming the country’s first Black vice president on Sunday, as the running mate to Gustavo Petro. The Petro-Márquez ticket won Sunday’s runoff election, according to preliminary results. Mr. Petro, a former rebel and longtime legislator, will become the country’s first leftist president. The rise of Ms. Márquez is significant not only because she is Black in a nation where Afro-Colombians are regularly subject to racism and must contend with structural barriers, but because she comes from poverty in a country where economic class so often defines a person’s place in society. Most recent former presidents were educated abroad and are connected to the country’s powerful families and kingmakers.Despite economic gains in recent decades, Colombia remains starkly unequal, a trend that has worsened during the pandemic, with Black, Indigenous and rural communities falling the farthest behind. Forty percent of the country lives in poverty.Ms. Márquez, 40, chose to run for office, she said, “because our governments have turned their backs on the people, and on justice and on peace.”She grew up sleeping on a dirt floor in a region battered by violence related to the country’s long internal conflict. She became pregnant at 16, went to work in the local gold mines to support her child, and eventually sought work as a live-in maid.To a segment of Colombians who are clamoring for change and for more diverse representation, Ms. Márquez is their champion. The question is whether the rest of the country is ready for her.Some critics have called her divisive, saying she is part of a leftist coalition that seeks to tear apart, instead of build upon, past norms.She has also never held political office, and Sergio Guzmán, director of Colombia Risk Analysis, a consulting firm, said that “there are a lot of questions as to whether Francia would be able to be commander in chief, if she would manage economic policy, or foreign policy, in a way that would provide continuity to the country.”Her more extreme opponents have taken direct aim at her with racist tropes, and criticize her class and political legitimacy.But on the campaign trail, Ms. Márquez’s persistent, frank and biting analysis of the social disparities in Colombia cracked open a discussion about race and class in a manner rarely heard in the country’s most public and powerful political circles.Those themes, “many in our society deny them, or treat them as minor,” said Santiago Arboleda, a professor of Afro-Andean history at Simón Bolívar Andean University. “Today, they’re on the front page.” More
