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    One-Third of World’s Trees Face Extinction Risk, Report at COP16 Says

    They play an essential role in supporting life on Earth, but many species are in decline, researchers found.More than a third of the world’s tree species are threatened with extinction, according to the first comprehensive assessment of trees by the world’s leading scientific authority on the status of species.The findings, announced on Monday by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, are especially sobering given the amount of life that trees sustain. Countless species of other plants, animals and fungi rely on forest ecosystems. Trees are also fundamental to regulating water, nutrients and planet-warming carbon.“Trees are essential to support life on Earth through their vital role in ecosystems, and millions of people depend on them for their lives and livelihoods,” Grethel Aguilar, director general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, said in a statement.The tree assessment is considered comprehensive because it includes more than 80 percent of known tree species. In all, 38 percent were found to be at risk of extinction. More than a thousand experts from around the world contributed.Island biodiversity is particularly vulnerable, in part because those species often have small populations that exist nowhere else, and island trees accounted for the highest proportion of trees threatened with extinction. In Madagascar, for example, numerous species of rosewoods and ebonies are threatened. In Borneo, 99 species in the family of trees called Dipterocarpaceae are imperiled. In Cuba, fewer than 75 mature individuals of the red-flowered Harpalyce macrocarpa, known in Spanish as maiden’s blood, remain.Around the world, the biggest threats to trees are agriculture and logging, followed by urbanization, said Emily Beech, head of conservation prioritization at Botanic Gardens Conservation International, a nonprofit group that led the research now included in the Red List.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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    Kelly’s Comments About Trump, Fascism and Hitler

    More from our inbox:Election DisinformationA Trump Voter ParadoxHarris Donation RequestsLagging on BiodiversityBreeding PandasJohn Kelly, a former White House chief of staff, in 2018.Doug Mills/The New York TimesTo the Editor:Re “Ex-Chief of Staff Says Trump Would Rule Like Dictator” (news article, Oct. 24):America, please listen to and heed the warnings of John Kelly. This is real, Donald Trump is not bluffing — he will rule like a dictator.Some of the many examples that back this up: Look at how Mr. Trump so viciously treated John McCain and Mark Milley, showing how he has no respect for our military. Look at how Mr. Trump demands absolute loyalty to him.Remember when he stood with Vladimir Putin in Helsinki and believed Mr. Putin over our own intelligence and security services. Recall the articles we have read about Mr. Trump’s advisers continuing to look for ways to expand presidential powers.And perhaps most dangerous of all, look at all the Republicans in Congress who continue to remain silent as Mr. Trump takes even more actions and makes statements that indicate his favoring an authoritarian regime. These Republicans will play a giant role in ushering in such a regime.The writing is on the wall; John Kelly has put it there. Believe him.Howard HermanSkokie, Ill.To the Editor:As a little girl I lived in World War II Nazi-occupied Amsterdam, where I personally witnessed Hitler’s fascist thugs break into people’s homes with the goal of exterminating those whom they deemed inferior: Jews, the disabled, the very old or those with special needs, and those who did not obey the dictator and were killed for daring to listen to a foreign radio broadcast or hiding a Jewish child.I survived and lived a long life because brave young Americans at the end of the war risked their lives to free us from that horrific brutality. I cannot believe that now 80 years later, some of the descendants of those brave young men are willing to elect a man to the presidency who we have been warned by his own generals is a “fascist” who admires Hitler.

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0%),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-l,50%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-warning-disabled-h:40;–ink-color-warning-disabled-s:100%;–ink-color-warning-disabled-l:50%;–ink-color-warning-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-warning-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-warning-h,40),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-s,100%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-l,50%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-warning-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-border-h:0;–ink-color-border-s:0%;–ink-color-border-l:0%;–ink-color-border-a:0.176;–ink-color-border:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 1));–ink-color-border-hover-h:0;–ink-color-border-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-border-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-border-hover-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 2));–ink-color-border-active-h:0;–ink-color-border-active-s:0%;–ink-color-border-active-l:0%;–ink-color-border-active-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 4));–ink-color-border-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-border-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-border-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-border-subdued-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 0.6));–ink-color-border-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-border-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-border-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-border-disabled-a:0.176;–ink-color-border-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-border-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-border-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-border-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-border-a,0.176) * 0.38));–ink-color-rule-h:0;–ink-color-rule-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 1));–ink-color-rule-hover-h:0;–ink-color-rule-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-hover-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 2));–ink-color-rule-active-h:0;–ink-color-rule-active-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-active-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-active-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 4));–ink-color-rule-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-rule-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-subdued-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 0.6));–ink-color-rule-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-rule-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-rule-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-rule-disabled-a:0.118;–ink-color-rule-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-rule-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-rule-a,0.118) * 0.38));–ink-color-onPrimary-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onPrimary-active-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-active-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-active-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-l:100%;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onPrimary-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onPrimary-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onSecondary-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onSecondary-active-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-active-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-active-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onSecondary-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSecondary-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onSuccess-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onSuccess-active-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-active-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-active-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-l:100%;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onSuccess-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onSuccess-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onCritical-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onCritical-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-hover-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onCritical-active-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-active-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-active-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-l:100%;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onCritical-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onCritical-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-l,100%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onCritical-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-onWarning-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 1));–ink-color-onWarning-hover-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-hover-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 2));–ink-color-onWarning-active-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-active-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-active-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-active-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 4));–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-subdued:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 0.6));–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-h:0;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-s:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-l:0%;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled-a:1;–ink-color-onWarning-disabled:hsla(var(–ink-color-onWarning-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-onWarning-a,1) * 0.38));–ink-color-overlay-h:0;–ink-color-overlay-s:0%;–ink-color-overlay-l:0%;–ink-color-overlay-a:0.302;–ink-color-overlay:hsla(var(–ink-color-overlay-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-l,0%) + calc(0% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-a,0.302) * 1));–ink-color-overlay-hover-h:0;–ink-color-overlay-hover-s:0%;–ink-color-overlay-hover-l:0%;–ink-color-overlay-hover-a:0.302;–ink-color-overlay-hover:hsla(var(–ink-color-overlay-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-l,0%) + calc(-5% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-a,0.302) * 2));–ink-color-overlay-active-h:0;–ink-color-overlay-active-s:0%;–ink-color-overlay-active-l:0%;–ink-color-overlay-active-a:0.302;–ink-color-overlay-active:hsla(var(–ink-color-overlay-h,0),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-s,0%) + 0%),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-l,0%) + calc(-10% * var(–ink-theme-lightness,1))),calc(var(–ink-color-overlay-a,0.302) * 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(min-width:600px){.css-1h11moz{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:auto;margin:0 auto;gap:4px;}}Ariana Drehsler for The New York Times; Henry Romero/Reuters

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    Mr. Greedy, an African Penguin With 230 Descendants, Dies at 33

    An African penguin who left many offspring in his long life, he belonged to the largest colony of the aquatic bird species in North America, according to the zoo.The popular African penguin known as Mr. Greedy, a fixture of the Maryland Zoo who had sired many offspring and left “an astounding 230 descendants” over five generations, has died after an age-related decline in his health, the zoo said in a statement.He was 33 — yes, in human years. (The zoo said it had no accurate way to determine the equivalent in penguin years.) He was the oldest penguin in his colony, which the zoo said is the largest in North America.When he was not busy reproducing or bringing joy to zoo visitors, Mr. Greedy swam hard, took care of his mate — nicknamed Ms. Greedy — and was constantly looking for things to steal.His mischievous ability to steal nesting materials and food from others had earned him the affectionate nickname by which he was known, Jen Kottyan, the bird curator at the zoo, said in a phone interview on Saturday.Mr. Greedy, born in 1991, had a more official, though less personable name: African penguin No. 821. The cause of death was euthanasia on Aug. 27, the zoo said.In his long life, Mr. Greedy “made a tremendous contribution to his endangered species,” said the statement from the Maryland Zoo, which is in Baltimore.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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    Fossils Show Giant Predatory Sea Scorpions Were Distance Swimmers

    Specimens of what appear to be the largest eurypterid species found in Australia could shed light on the sudden extinction of the massive arthropods.Most modern scorpions would fit in the palm of your hand. But in the oceans of the Paleozoic era more than 400 million years ago, animals known popularly as sea scorpions were apex predators that could grow larger than people in size.“They were effectively functioning as sharks,” said Russell Bicknell, a paleobiologist at the American Museum of Natural History.New research by Dr. Bicknell and colleagues, published Saturday in the journal Gondwana Research and relying on Australian fossils, reveals that the biggest sea scorpions were capable of crossing oceans, a finding that is “absolutely pushing the limits of what we know arthropods could do,” he said.What are commonly known as sea scorpions were a diverse group of arthropods called eurypterids. They came in many shapes and sizes but are perhaps best known for their largest representatives, which could grow to more than nine feet long. With huge claws, a beefy exoskeleton and a strong set of legs for swimming, the larger sea scorpions most likely ruled the seas.However fearsome these arthropods must have been to Paleozoic prey, they went extinct without much of a bang. The fossil record of eurypterids peaked in the Silurian period, which started about 444 million years ago, and they then abruptly died out after the early Devonian period ended about 393 million years ago.That sudden turn of fate has left scientists bewildered.“They appear, they start doing really well, they get very big, and then they go extinct,” said James Lamsdell, a paleobiologist at West Virginia University who was not involved in the study. “For a while they were so dominant, and then they just burned out.”We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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    How a Crisis for Vultures Led to a Human Disaster: Half a Million Deaths

    The birds were accidentally poisoned in India. New research on what happened next shows how wildlife collapse can be deadly for people.To say that vultures are underappreciated would be putting it mildly. With their diet of carrion and their featherless heads, the birds are often viewed with disgust. But they have long provided a critical cleaning service by devouring the dead.Now, economists have put an excruciating figure on just how vital they can be: The sudden near-disappearance of vultures in India about two decades ago led to more than half a million excess human deaths over five years, according to a forthcoming study in the American Economic Review.Rotting livestock carcasses, no longer picked to the bones by vultures, polluted waterways and fed an increase in feral dogs, which can carry rabies. It was “a really huge negative sanitation shock,” said Anant Sudarshan, one of the study’s authors and an economics professor at the University of Warwick in England.The findings reveal the unintended consequences that can occur from the collapse of wildlife, especially animals known as keystone species for the outsize roles they play in their ecosystems. Increasingly, economists are seeking to measure such impacts.A study looking at the United States, for example, has suggested that the loss of ash trees to the invasive emerald ash borer increased deaths related to cardiovascular and respiratory illness. And in Wisconsin, researchers found that the presence of wolves reduced vehicle collisions with deer by about a quarter, creating an economic benefit that was 63 times greater than the cost of wolves killing livestock.“Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning do matter to human beings,” said Eyal Frank, an economist at the University of Chicago and one of the authors of the new vulture study. “And it’s not always the charismatic and fuzzy species.”We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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    Reality Show Contestant Apologizes After Eating Protected Bird in New Zealand

    A contestant on the reality show “Race to Survive: New Zealand” killed and ate a weka during filming. The contestant, who said he was hungry, has apologized for “disrespecting New Zealand.”Hunger was part of the challenge for contestants on the reality television show “Race to Survive: New Zealand.” As nine teams trekked, climbed and paddled their way through some of the country’s harshest terrain, they also had to forage and hunt for their own food.New Zealand officials have now issued warnings to the show’s producers, they said, after one contestant killed and ate a bird from a protected species during filming last October.The weka, a flightless bird known for its bold curiosity, is endemic to New Zealand and is considered vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which evaluates threatened species. They often roam around campsites and picnic areas and will sometimes steal crops, food and other small objects.The show, which began airing its second season on USA Network in May, follows nine pairs of adventurers, survivalists and athletes as they navigate around New Zealand’s South Island to compete for a $500,000 prize.The teams are allowed to bring only what they can carry, and the slowest to reach each camp is eliminated. They are not given food but can take detours to find food caches left for them on the island.Two contestants, Spencer Jones and Oliver Dev, were disqualified in the eighth episode. Producers appeared after they completed a leg and said that they broke a rule.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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    A Mammoth DNA Discovery Helps Map an Ancient Genome in 3-D

    In 2018 an international team of scientists — from labs in Houston, Copenhagen, Barcelona and beyond — got their hands on a remarkable biological specimen: a skin sample from a 52,000-year-old woolly mammoth that had been recovered from the permafrost in Siberia. They probed the sample with an innovative experimental technique that revealed the three-dimensional architecture of the mammoth’s genome. The resulting paper was published on Thursday in the journal Cell.Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Canada, was “floored” — the technique had successfully captured the original geometry of long stretches of DNA, a feat never before accomplished with an ancient DNA sample. “It’s absolutely beautiful,” said Dr. Poinar, who reviewed the paper for the journal.The typical method for extracting ancient DNA from fossils, Dr. Poinar said, is still “kind of cave man.” It produces short fragments of code composed of a four-letter molecular alphabet: A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), T (thymine). An organism’s full genome resides in cell nuclei, in long, unfragmented DNA strands called chromosomes. And, vitally, the genome is three-dimensional; as it dynamically folds with fractal complexity, its looping points of contact help dictate gene activity.“To have the actual architectural structure of the genome, which suggests gene expression patterns, that’s a whole other level,” Dr. Poinar said.“It’s a new kind of fossil, a fossil chromosome,” said Erez Lieberman Aiden, a team member who is an applied mathematician, a biophysicist and a geneticist and directs the Center for Genome Architecture at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. Technically, he noted, it is a non-mineralized fossil, or subfossil, since it has not turned to stone.Erez Lieberman Aiden, director of the Center for Genome Architecture at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.Brandon Thibodeaux for The New York TimesThe trunk of a 39,000-year-old woolly mammoth nicknamed Yuka that also yielded fossil chromosomes in the study.Love Dalén/Stockholm UniversityWe are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More

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    SpaceX’s Assault on a Fragile Habitat: Four Takeaways From Our Investigation

    The development of Elon Musk’s facility in South Texas did not play out as local officials were originally told it would.When Elon Musk first eyed South Texas for a new base of space operations, he promised that SpaceX would have a small, eco-friendly footprint and that the surrounding area would be “left untouched.”A decade later, the reality is far different. An investigation by The New York Times shows how SpaceX’s ferocious growth in the area has dramatically changed the fragile landscape and has threatened the habitat that the U.S. government is charged with protecting there.More repercussions are likely coming, in South Texas and in other places where SpaceX is expanding. Mr. Musk has said he hopes to one day launch his Starships — the largest rocket ever manufactured — a thousand times a year.Executives from SpaceX declined repeated requests to comment. But Gary Henry, who until this year served as a SpaceX adviser on Pentagon launch programs, said the company was aware of concerns about SpaceX’s environmental impact and was committed to addressing them.Here are four takeaways from our investigation:Musk used preserved lands as a buffer for SpaceX operationsRocket launch sites in the U.S., such as Vandenberg Space Force Base in California and Kennedy Space Center in Florida, typically are enormous, secure facilities with tens of thousands of acres within their confines.Mr. Musk didn’t intend to buy up anything like that amount of land when he was looking at the area near Brownsville, Texas. Instead, he wanted to buy a tiny piece of property in the middle of public lands — what the team involved referred to as a “doughnut hole.” He figured the surrounding state parks and federal wildlife preserves would serve as natural buffers.We are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe. More